Wind energy, effort Maintain Galapagos Nature Reserve

16 January 2001 ships, tankers Jessica, in a trip from Puerto Bazuerizo Moreno, the capital of the Province of Galapagos island of San Cristobal to dihantam storm and drowned, enumpahkan m more than 600 thousand liters of oil. Regions preserve Galapagos tercemar. The oil spill, some of the supply of diesel for the generator which is the main source of electricity for residents in the archipelago. To avoid a similar disaster terulangnya, Ecuador set targets, stop immediately the use of generator-generator is. Until 2015 the Galapagos will only get electricity supply from renewable energy. During this part of the Island area of San Cristobal is no longer a diesel generator. Since approximately one year in San Cristobal there are three power plants that produce wind energy supply for 6000 people, which covers about a third of the island. Target that proclaimed actually larger, but in 2007 the strength of the wind in St Cristobal far weaker than the calculated. 2009 electricity generated on the island's wind energy is expected to reach 50 percent of the population. Wind energy project that takes five years from perencenaan until the first turbine was built. Said Jim kith, the project engineer. "There are considerations related rotor windmill, will be given the birds and bats. We must be very careful, we started this project to protect the environment so the impact is negative for the environment is not our wish. Conducted research for several years and the result is we move the location of wind power to other hills. " Kith more clearly. Sea birds in the Galapagos Islands can therefore interfere. They make a nest in the nearby wind power generator that is designed initially placed. In the last 12 months sea bird population is not increasing, it is vice versa. The main threat for this animal is a rat-mouse brought people, and the nest-nest is. Wind energy project in the Galapagos Ecuador, funded by the government, the United Nations and 9 world's largest energy company. Among the German energy company RWE. For the environmental organization Greenpeace or Worl Wildlife Fund, RWE is seen as a destructive climate, because this company in Europe is the largest producer of greenhouse gases emissions. Citra want this fixed RWE with wind energy project in St. Cristobal. "I think big companies better participate in the project is truly great, such as wind energy projects in North Europe, the project because it really needs investment from big companies. And that was great participation that we expect from the big electricity companies. Support for the project is relatively small island in the remote location, it seems more as an act of publication. "The opinion of Greepeace Sven Teske. Greenpeace positive rate in wind energy projects. However, the supply of energy to meet the Galapagos Islands until 2015 with only rely on wind energy is not possible. Said leaders of the project engineer Jim kith. Wind energy is a good first step. "What happens is expected to be made of other programs that produce energy efficient and the test in which the sun's energy can be used. Most of the energy in the archipelago is used for cars and motorcycles. So will the necessary bio-fuel program. The project we are only part of the overall program coordinated by the Ecuadorian government and the United Nations."(dk)

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Islam, science and technology

Among the things in it in the modern era this is science and technology. Science and technology have a very rapid development of human life.In each of the experts and scientists continue to assess and examine the science and technology as the invention of the most sophisticated and modern. Both have become symbols of progress and modernity in this century. Therefore, if there is a nation or country that does not follow the development of science and technology, the nation or country can be said that the country forward and not backward. Back to topics related to the Islamic science and technology. Islamic view of science and technology is that Islam did not restrain people for progress and modern. Thus Islam is to support people-research and experiment in any case, including science and technology. Islam for science and technology, including the revelations of Allah, that need to be extracted and searched her. Signs of Allah in the universe is God gave to mankind as a caliph in the earth to be processed and used well. Islamic view of science and technology can be principle-principle analysis of the first revelation received by Prophet Muhammad SAW. Read with (his) name of your Lord who Created, He has created man from segumpal blood. Read and thy Lord is the generous, teach the (human) with perantaran Kalam, to teach him what a man does not know. (QS. Al-Isra: 1-5) According to an expert commentary kontemmporer origin Indonesia, Prof.. Dr. Quraish Syihab, 'iqra' fetched from the heap. Collect from a variety of birth, such as the meaning, analyze, deepens, research, know the characteristics of, and read the written text or not. [1] In another verse, Allah SWT praise servants to consider the creation of the heavens and the earth. In fact, many verses of the Qur'an that enjoin people to examine and observe the universe. Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day, there are signs for men of understanding, (that) those who remember God while standing, sitting or lying in keadan and they think about the creation of the heavens and the earth ( and said): "Our Lord, You have never created this with the vain, Glory to Thee, And guard us from the torment of Hell. (QS. Al-Imran: 190-191) Have they not the earth, how many we tumbuhkan on earth that various kinds of plants is good? (QS. asy-Syu'ara: 7) Say: "See what yaag is in the heavens and the earth. Not useful sign of God and the apostles who gave warning to those who do not believe. " (QS. Yunus: 101) Revelations of the above is a support that God gave to the servants to continue to excavate and consider what is in the universe. So an expert scientific West, Maurice Bucaile, after he conducted research on the Qur'an and Bibel's the point of view of modern science. He says: "I am investigating the suitability Qur'an text with modern science objectively and without prejudice. At first I understand, by reading the translation, that the Koran various natural phenomena, but with the translation that I only have knowledge that the same (brief). By reading the text carefully arab once I can prove that the inventory that the Koran does not contain a statement that can be criticized from a scientific point of view in the modern era. [2] If science and technology, this time to be re-growth period, it is not separated from the contrib scientists Muslims. Not excessive if it is said that the origin of modern science or scientific revolution comes from the Islamic civilization. Indeed, a fact, Islam is the pioneer of modern science. If they do not fight among them, and if the army does not kristen mengusirnya of Spain, and if the Mongols did not attack and destroy parts of the lands of Islam in the 13th century, they will be able to create a Descartes, a Gassendi, a Hume, a Cupernicus, and a Tycho Brahe, because we have found seeds philosophy mechanics, emperisisme, the main elements in heliosentrisme instruments and Tycho Brahe in the works of al-Ghazali, Ibn al-Shatir, astronom at the observatory margha and works Takiyudin. [3] Islamic civilization has been a very vocabulary knowledge and knowledgeable scientists are so extraordinary. Scientist-scientist is that if we read, have expertise in various fields. A course Ibn Sina. In a very young age, he has succeeded in the various medical science. Mognum opusnya al-Qanun fi al-Thib become the primary source of reference in many Western universities. In addition to Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali also be spelled out for the scientists who refresentatif we call here. He theologian, philosopher, and Sufi. In addition, he is also famous as the effort to encourage people who are able to do that. He also fiqih experts. Al-Mushtasfa is proof of expertise in the field ushul fiqih. Not only that, al-Ghazali also appeared to have a very modern paradigm. He has been to combine the project, not mendikotomi theology and general knowledge. For him, the two types of knowledge are equally obligatory response by Muslims. Besides the scientists, Ibn Rusyd feasible we call here. He ingenious philosopher, theologian and medical control. In fact, he can also be referred to as the faqih. Kapabalitasnya in the field with proven fiqih paper tulisnya Bidayah al-Mujtahid. Philosophers is also the inspiration of movements in the West. Not a bit ideologinya adopted by the West so as to advance now. Fakhruddin other scientists such as al-Razi, in addition to a theologian, philosopher, expert commentary, he is also one of the medicine. Al-Khawarizmi, Matematikawan and a theologian. And more scholars as well as the scientists who generated from the Islamic civilization. All these indicate that a civilization can be advanced and superior, although still based by religious beliefs and against God (Allah SWT). The condition of Muslims in the current slowdown in the field of science and technology is caused by many things. Islamic science began to ebb significantly after the year 1800 is due to external factors such as the influence of colonialism that deliberately destroyed the system that drives the local economy of science and local industry. For example, such as what happened in Bengali, India, when the system of local handicraft industry and destroyed in order to succeed 'industrial revolution "in the UK. Science and technology is a symbol of modernity. However, not only because modern, then we ignore religion as happens in the West with the ideology sekularisme. Because science and technology will never contradict the teachings of Islam that are relevant in each of the age. [1] Prof. Dr. Quraisy Syihab, Wawasan al-Qur’an, [2] Maurice Buccaile, La Bible Le Coran Et Le Science, terj. Bible, Qur’an dan Sains Modern oleh H.M. Rasjidi, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, hal. 10. [3] Majalah Islamia, Thn. I, No. 4, Artikel Prof. Dr. Cemil Akdogan. Oleh Saeful Rokhman

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Global Warming Trends Still Clearly Visible

UK Meteorological Office issued a weather report in 2008. Conclusion of the report, the year 2008 is one year since records terpanas weather. 14.3 degrees Celsius. That is the temperature average in the earth throughout the year 2008. According to the analysis of the British climate experts, this year was ranked terpanas to ten years since 1850. Is even more important, terpanas ten years in the history of the notes have all the time period in 1997 until now. So clearly, at this time the ongoing process of heating the earth. Year terpanas earth recorded in 1998 with an average temperature of 14.5 degrees Celsius. Temperature of the earth movement from year to year in small-scale weather phenomena influenced by the exchange between heat waves and cold waves. In terms this popular phenomenon known as El Nino for the wave of hot air, and wave to La Nina cold. The year 2008 there are phenomena cold La Nina. So the earth is actually warming phenomenon still teredam by that phenomenon. In fact, 2008 was a year terdingin during the last 10 years. But experts believe, the cold phase will end soon. As expressed by Peter Stott of the Hadley climate research centers in the UK: "Most likely, one to three years before the warm earth. Because there is no more La Nina phenomena. So the average temperature could rise 0.2 percent every decade. "Indeed, researchers have also skeptical of the theory that the earth warming. Because according to them, 1998 was a year terpanas. After that the air temperature was down again. And an average temperature of the earth is now 0.2 degrees Celsius below the temperature in 1998. So even freeze the earth temperature. Climate researcher Phil Jones explains, the temperature of the earth must be viewed in the long-term trend. "It is not always earth's temperature is higher than the previous year. The more important is the long-term trend. Comparing decades now with the previous decades. In 2000 until 2008, an average temperature of 0.2 degrees centigrade higher than the year 90-an. From there it looks, there is global warming caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. "The temperature in 1998, which until now a record year terpanas throughout history, it can not be a benchmark average. For the 1998 heat wave phenomena have, the El Nino phenomenon, which is very strong. UK climate researcher Phil Jones explains further: "In El Nino years are the years of the summer. And there are waves 1997/1998 El Nino for most 20th century. That is why in 1998 so terpanas years. Now we are experiencing cold La Nina phase in Pacific. Temperatures average down a bit. But overall, the last 10 years this temperature 0.2 degrees more heat than an 90-year. And the last 10 years are years terpanas. "
So 2008 was not a record year terpanas according to experts. But weather records show a clear trend of global warming.

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IN EKSPERIMEN Spatial Filtering

An object, which is an image or a slide negatip a picture, placed in front a lens and disinari with parallel and coherent light from a laser. In the field of focus This second lens Fourier analysis will occur in two dimensions of distribusi intensity on the field objects. Medan Iistrik in the field of focus is the Fourier transformation of the electric field in the field of an object. Fourier components that occur relate to the frequency in the space domain, frequency-frequency space is called the frequency or spatial frequencies. If you focus on the field or fields of transformation of this put a barrier with certain forms, we can remove the frequency-specific frequency space. This means that frequency - a certain frequency is not forwarded for final shadow form. As a result, shadow who is going to be changed. This technique is called spatial filtering. With practice this technique, we can take the form of noise dots or parallel lines the periodic, such as television images Raster. Contranst of the image can also be improved. In this article discussed the basics of spatial filtering teoretik of the outline. Then discussed the description of the experiment. Last reviewed several experiments that can be done with the same equipment practice. Sutrisno ** Eksperimen ini dilakukan di LAPAN, •• Departemen Fisika, ITS.

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CASH neutral and MODEL IN THEORY gauge INTERAKSI LEPTON

In this paper presented Qua important aspect in the development of the theory of interaction Iemah; the problem of theory divergensi VA, and the possibility of the new role flow neutral. Both problems can be more satisfactory in the framework toori mine gauge the new version. For example hash this new approach has been discussed the formulation of Salam and Weinberg model, especially for the lepton. The discussion is followed by teoritik comparison between prediction and experiment hash. Description ended with this summary responses and feedback on the model-WS and the development of general delam this field. M.O. Tjia,Departemen Fisika ITB

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Internal Dosimetry

Radioaktip oxygen-oxygen into the body of a biological way to eat, dihirup or absorbed through cuts or kul it and stay in the body that will be continuous meradiasi the body is. Core-core radioisotop that will be long-lived meradiasi continuous body during the his life. Measurement dosimetri in the body can ditaksir knowing distribution radioaktip source in the body and the mechanism of radiation damage (radiation damage) or can be done with the measurement in vivo. Dosimetri determination of valuation in the price can be derived the maximum concentration permitted (Maximum permissible concentration) of oxygen-radioaktip substances in the air and water. Roestan Roekmantara; Dept. Fisika ITB.

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Use of DIFFUSI IN OIL earth flow

Parameters in an oil reservoir can be measured as maybe. There are direct measurements, and there is not direct. Measurements should be no direct based on a theoretical calculation, which is a good approach. In fact from the equation of continuity and flow dynamics flow, pressure in reservoir to meet equality diffusi. Oengan itself to get a good answer need to model the limit. Some of the models that match and is usually used in engineering and measurement field. But the model itself is still to be done now to approach the actual situation. Oisinilah fisisi can help develop. Lilik Hendradjaya; Departemen fisika - Institut Teknologi Bandung

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DIFFHAKSI NEUTRON OLEH FERRJTE

Ferrite mempunyai struktur spinel, dimana terdapat dua macam posisi ion yakni tetrahedral (A) site dan oktahedral (B) site. Bila terdapat ion-ion magnetik, maka terdapat dua interaksi magnetik yakni interaksi type Neel dan interaksi type Yafet-Kittel. Dengan diffraksi neutron diperlihatkan bahwa ferrite campuran Zn Ni'~ Fe20 mempunyai struktur magnetik type Yafet-Kittel yakni magnetik A site membenfuk sud~t deng1n momen magnetik B site.Kurniadi Sumaamidjaja, J.E. Waworuntu.Pusat Reaktor Atom Bandung dan Departemen Fisika -- ITB. Marsongkohadi Departemen Fisika - ITB dan Pusat Reaktor Atom Bandung.

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PHYSICS DOSIMETRI NETRON.

Measurements at a dose tiuk which is located in the radiation field netron, to be with detector in accordance with the terrain, it is because the amount of radiation energy absorbed detector is not only dependent on netron flux, but also on the type of intraksi occurred between the net and ran atom-atom mater; detector. One way for a ilustrasl dose measurements will be discussed with the thermal netron gamma detector film. Hasbuna Kifli Tenaga tetap pada Departemen FLsika F.M.I.P.A. lnstitut Teknologi Bandung. Tenaga Part-Timer di Pusat Reaktor Atom Bandung.

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THE USE OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE

Radioisotope techniques, to the naive, may represent a miracle in scientific research ­the answer to all investigational difficulties. On the other hand, to the cynic they may be considered as a fad which creates more problems than it solves. The truth seems to be somewhere between the two extremes. The real importance of these techniques are recognized by workers who are well grounded in their fields and who have been involved in the application of these techniques. They are able to recognize the important problems in their own fields, are familiar with the experimental material, and should be able to interpret results of their experiments. Nevertheless, it is only fair to recognize the many difficulties in handling, obtaining and storing radioisotopes. This paper is a brief discussion of some of the fundamentals of this research tool which has developed in recent years and some of its applications in plant research. It may give some ideas as to the possibilities of this technique in attacking some of the problems in agriculture in general and in plant research in particular. A brief review of some chemical and physical concepts familiar to all may be of some interest. All matter is composed of discrete particles, atoms, of the elements, or of larger particles, molecules, made up of combinations of these elementary atoms. Further, that "isotopes" are atoms of an element having the same chemical properties as all other atoms of the same element but differing slightly in weight. In nature a few of these isotopes are radioactive that is they are unstable and spontaneously charge into atoms of another (or the same) element with radiation of energy in the form-gamma rays, or alpha or beta particles. With the advent of controlled nuclear reactions, it has become possible to produce radioactive isotopes which do not occur in nature, by the exposure of selected elements to neutrons. Limited quantities of such "synthetic" elements had been produced earlier by the bombardment of specific target materials by other particles such as protons or alpha particles but the yields were small and the operation expensive. These atoms have some readily recognized characteristics: The radiator given off by, and the time required for disintegration of, the unstable atoms is characteristic of the particular isotope. For example, P32, the important radioisotope of phosphorus, emits only beta particles with a maximum energy of 1.69 Mev and decays at a rate such that onehalf of the initial quantity remains after 14.3 days and each ucceeding 14,3 days interval reduces the amount remaining by 50% (a "halfIife" of 14.3 days) while the isotope of, S35 gives off betas of only 1/10 the energy and has a half life of 87.1 days. C14, particularly useful in the study of biological systems, has a half life of 5568 years; emitting beta particlesof 0.155 Mev. The alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays emitted by the disintegrating atoms are "ionizing radiations", that is they have the common ability to produce electrons and positive ions in matter through which they pass. These pairs of oppositely charged ions are formed at the expence of energy loss from incident radiation. Instruments for the detection and measurement of ionization are extremely sensitive, the entrance of a single alpha particle into the "sensitive volume" of a modern counter can be readily detected. Since the radiation arising from the decay of radioactive atoms permits the detection of individual decaying atoms of individual decaying atoms of the element, it is possible to make quantitative measurements of extremely small quantities. For example, with good counting methods one can conveniently measure 2 X 10 - 11 brams of radioactive carbon. This extreme sensitivity of detection combined with the circumstance that the radioactive elements behave in chemical or biological systems as do their inactive counterparts, provide a technique for obtaining data hitherto an attainble and of unusual scope, the "Tracer" Technique". We can now get answers to such questions as: What proportion of a nutrient added to the soil is utilized by the crop? Is a hormone or growth regulator localized or widely translocated? And, more important perhaps, we have a means of making essentially direct observation on the fundamental or basic reactions of biological systems. 84 The "Tracer" method is not new. As early as 1913 Hevecy in Germany used a natural radioisotope of lead to study the solubility dead isotope to study the uptake and distribution of this element by plants. With the invention of the cyclotron the first man-made isotopes became available, but work was markedly limited by availability and cost. Since 1946, however, the development h as been accelerating. Through the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission usable quantities of some 20 isotopes of particular interest in plant research have become available at quite reasonable cost. These include an isotope of Carbon, C14, widely used in research on the fundamental photosynthetic process and as a label or tag in many organic compounds used as herbicides pesticides and metabolic precursors or intermediates; p32, radiophosphorus, a major plant nutrient and label for the new organophosphate insecticides; and usable isotopes of Sulphur Calcium and Iron and the important trape or micro-nutrients Cobalt Copper, Zinc, and Molybdenum. As one might expect, much of the early work, 1947 - 1952, was directed to those problems of rather "practical" nature where the results would be of general interest and would serve, too, to establish the value of the method. The U.S. Department of Agriculture during this period and in collaboration with many State Experimental Stations, carried out extensive studies on the behaviour of phosphatic fertilizers and the effect of soil type, fertilizer, management practices and crop on the uptake of phosphorus by crop plants. Evaluation of a fertilizer material or of an application method has relied on yield response - a time consuming procedure often set at naught by circumstances over which the experimenter had no control. A failure to obtain response to applied nutrient might be due to too little or too much rainfall at a critical stage of growth. Now we have a means of determining quite directly whether or not two sources of phosphorus, say, are equal in availability to a particular, crop on a selected soil or of selecting that method of application which places the fertilizer where it will do the most good since we can now differentiate between the fertilizer phosphorus and that originally present in the soil. Hence we can determine, even though circumstances may conceal or prevent yield response, what proportion of the total plant phosphorus came from that added. As an illustration of the method, suppose we add 100 black marbles identical except for color to a collection of white marbles, which are being mixed and sampled. If, we take samples of 100 marbles and each is found to include 10 black ones, then our sampling procedure is getting 10% of the added marbles. In using radioactive phosphorus we have "tagged" the fertilizer component so it may subsequently be recognized and evaluated although not in quite a black and white fashion as the illustration.Prof. Dr. Aly M. Lasheen Guru besar Plant Physiology Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Indonesia Bogor.

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GENERAL ON ALTERED TENAGA ATOM

By Chief Panitya Atomic Energy Seminar we have been asked to provide a general view tang ten atomic energy, as the introduction of the subject-the subject of will be discussed in the seminar. With this we want to express our gratitude sebanjak - banjaknja up kepertjajaan this. Sebelumnja like us that we not kemukakan expert in the field of Nuclear Science and Technology of the wide at that, even may not be the expert in one part of the sa tu nuclear science. At this time above this field so wide, that have relations with almost all part of the Science, ranging from physics, chemistry, biology, pharmacy, medicine, engineering, -up to the economic, legal etc..Because quite difficult to membitjarakan or menjinggung sadja all issues in one paper, we. and want to discuss the issue and restore the from atomic energy is the basic principle, the principle is the physical and chemical principles. Given that the purpose of the seminar, is to introduce knowledge atom to masjarakat Indonesia procuress baiknja have a name for menindjau seminar it. We all have often heard or membatja words such as: atomic century, born
atom, atomic energy dll.sbnja. (up to market atom). Because these words "are in common use in the literature in a foreign language, then sebenarnja djuga not have salahnja to use words like this atomic energy. According to the science of physics but the word This is less precise. According to Dalton atom is a part of something terketjil substances (materials) do not divided landjut more. This view according to the atomic theory of Bohr-Rutherford is not correct; each atom is a complex system consisting of an atomic nucleus to be, surrounded by Z electrons (Z = atomic number of page.). During this core is considered as a unit, then all of which can be made to the system's core + elektorn included in the electron -science of atomic physics. Suppose nature hanja determined by the chemical structure of the Z electrons. In the all chemical reactions hanja terdjadi a djumlah and changes in the structure of the electron. Therefore, the heat up on the chemical reaction can be called energy exotermis atom. Either. reaction kihlia exotermis the most important is burning or oxidasi. Thus, the burning of fuel, "conventional" such as coal, minjak land, refuel dll.nja generate energy which must be called sepatutnja energy
atom. Ternjata djuga atomic nucleus is a complex layout and consists of the proton and Z (A-Z) neutrons, where A = number of atomic mass. Physics is the science of core menjelidiki nature of the order is. As with the atom-atom-order neutrons in the proton core can be changed, eg in reaction to the core, the radio-aktipitas, in the fission process dll.nja. Djika on processes terse but well above the energy, the energy can be called core energy or nuclear energy. What will dibitjarakan in the seminar have hanja relationship with the processes last. 'Difference between the two hours of energy this mat at the njata. In the chemical reactions terbit cnergi the atom berdjumlah few eV per atom or some kilokalori per gram. Energy published on the reactions in the core or the radio is aktipitas kl 1 MeV per atom, djadi sedjuta times larger. Prof. Dr ONG PING HOK;Guru Besar Bagian Fisika, Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Tracking of Atlantis: the Lost Land swallowed Period

A legend about "Atlantis", was first found in ancient Greek philosophy essay: Two notes dialogue Plato (427-347 BC) such as: book Timaeus and Critias. Book Timaeus, Plato berkisah: In front of "The Mainstay Haigelisi, there is an island which is very large, from there you can go to other islands, on the island that the mainland is entirely surrounded by the sea that ocean, that is the kingdom of Atlantis. When Atlantis will be the new wage war with a large Athena, but beyond a doubt Atlantis suddenly experienced an earthquake and flood, not a day to night, completely submerged in the sea floor, big country that exceeds the level, disappeared in the night. In legend, who founded the kingdom of Atlantis is a sea god Poseidon. At the top of an island, there is a young girl that both parents died, Poseidon marry young girls and the twin birth to five children, and Poseidon divides the entire island into 10 regions, each submitted to the 10 children to master, and was appointed as the first-born child the highest authorities. Because the first-born male child is called Atlan, hence the name of the country as a kingdom of "Atlantis."(Sumber: Buku Himpunan Inspirasi Peradaban Prasejarah)

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mine Nuclear Reactor Two Billion Years Past

In the year 1972, there is a company (France), which imported the seeds from the Oklo uranium minerals in the Republic of Gabon, Africa, to be processed. They were surprised with penemuannya, because the seed was imported uranium has been processed and used previously and uterus uraniumnya nuclear reactor waste with almost the same. These works fascinate scientists came to the Oklo to a research, the results of research showing the existence of a large-scale nuclear reactor in the prehistoric period, with a capacity of approximately 500 tons of uranium in the six seed region, is suspected of energy can produce 100 thousand watts. Mine nuclear reactor is well maintained, with the lay-out that makes sense, and has been operating for 500 thousand years. That makes people more surprised that more is mining waste nuclear reactor that it is limited, not tersebarluas in the area about 40 meters in mining. If the review of the technical regulation of nuclear reaction, the technique penataan mine reactor it far more powerful now, which is put to shame when scientists now is we are a headache in dealing with nuclear waste, the era of prehistoric men already know how to take advantage of natural topography to save nuclear waste!(Sumber: Prehistoric Civilization Inspiration for Mankind)

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I~ADIATlON GRAFTING OF HYDROPHILIC MONOMERS ONTO POLY (I,-METHYLPENTENE-(). 1. GRAFTING OF ACRYLIC AClD

Radiation grafting of acrylic acid (AAc) on poly (4-methylp'entene-]) (TPX) with different crystallinity haf, been investigated under various conditions. Free radicals formed by pre-irradiation of TPX in '"aCUII'" were more stable than those in the presence of air and might initiate the grafting reaction when came in contact with the Mc. Grafting yields increased with increasing pre-irradiation dose, grafting temperature, and concentration of Mc. lower crystallinity (TPX (24%) showed higher initial grafting rate compared with higher crystallinity one. The distribution of grafting was observed by x-ray micrc, analyzer. The grafting reaction proceeded gradually with time from the surface of the film to the ihher part. In high crystallinity TPX (34%) grafting distribution in the final stage .depended nn the: film thickness, while in the lower crystalline was homogenous regardle~ls the film. Yanti S. Soebianto*, F. Yoshii **, K. Makuuchi **, and I. Ishigaki ***Centre for the Application of Isotopes and Hadiation. NAEA **Takasaki Hadiation ChcmistTY Hesearch Est.ablishment, JAERI

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CURRENT STATUS OF RADIATION PROCESSING IN JAPAN

The researCh and development works on the radiation processing is revewed. They include high polymer materials for selective separation, environmental conservation, immobilization of biological substances, and development of radiation processing. The industrial application of the radiation processing, such aa radiation crosslinking, radiation curing, and radiation grafting, are also introduced . N. Hayakawa Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, JAERI

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Overcoming of the problem of seed· food storage in tropical countries using a new approach.

It has been discussed the overcoming of the problem of seed food storage in tropical countries. Weight loss during storage of seed in tropical countries was found to be hight between 9.3 - 34%. To overcome the mentioned problem a new approach of storage method has been carried out using solar energy, "non-toxic grain protectant", organic acid, and carbon di«?xide. That method of overcoming is found to be safer than using pestiside. Yadi Haryadi* dan F.G. Winarno*Pusbangtepa/FTDC - Institut Pertanian Bogor.

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Storage system and quality control of food commodity of the National Logistics Agency (BULOG), Indonesia.

Quality deterioration of food commodities may occur during storage, particularly if quality maintenance is not conducted properly. In order to keep the grain in sound condition, The National Logistics Agency (BULOG) has been trying to improve its programme in stock and quality control; including the construction of new warehouses and other storage facilities. Pesticide is still playing an important role for controlling pest as an integral part of stock preservation programme done by BULOG. Another alternative method also pursued includes the possibility of using irradiation, which likely needs more detailed studies.

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A conception on the use of irradiation for preserving fishery commodities in Indonesia.

A conception on the use of irradiation for preserving fishery commodities in Indonesia. Fishery production is still very possible to be increased, either for increasing local consumption or for export, and for reducing importation of fishery products. Increase of production must be followed by the improvement of postharvest treatment to improve the quality and to protect the freshness of the commodity, so that the quality and the price can compete either in local or foreign markets. Preservation by irradiation has a good prospect if it is economical, since it can be applied for several kinds of fishery products. Implementation of this process needs legal clearance and regulations. It has been proved that any food irradiated at an average absorbed dose of up to 10 kGy is safe for human consumption. An integrated study is needed to evaluate the technological and socio-economic feasibility of the irradiation process. Burhanuddin Lubis *Direktorat Bina Produksi, Direktorat lenderal Perikanan.

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Techno-economic and commercial feasibility of food irradiation with special reference to developing countries.

Before commencing applied research it is necessary a preliminary feasibility survey be carried out. Detailed techno-economic and commercial feasibility studies may be more important in a field such as food irradiation. The differences in the prospects and problems between developed and developing countries are addressed. Brief outlines of practical feasibility aspect for radiation preservation of potatoes, tropical fruits and sea-foods in developing countries, are given. P. Sudarsan ;Indian Space Research Cauvery Bhawan, Bangalore, India*

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Technology transfer in the food irradiation project of the byproducts utilization program.

Technology transfer in the food irradiation project of the byproducts utilization program. Food irradiation at doses'of 10 kGy (1000 krad) or less have been found by international expert committees.to be wholesome and safe for human consumption. Irradiation with cesium137 can be used as a means of enhancing particular properties of various food commodities by means of sterilization, insect disinfestation, delayed senescence and ripening, and sprout inhibition. Among the topics discussed is the use of low-level irradiation processing to provide trichina-safe raw pork and as a possible substitute for ethylene dibromide fumigation of citrus products for the control of fruit-fly and seed-weevil infestations. The use of a transportable cesium irradiator as a research tool for full·scale irradiators is also discussed. Some other activities that meet the U.S. Department of Energy objective of promoting commercial application of food irradiation technology are also presented. Jacek S. Sivinski*, and R. Kirk Switzer*CH2M HILL, INC. 621 Indian School Road, N.E., Suite 206 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110.

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FOOD IRRADIATION DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN

Food irradiation development in Japan. In Japan, the first food irradiation research was carried out on the preservation of fish and fishery products. In 1966, the Atomic Energy Commission of the Japanese Government (JAEC) decided the promote the National Project on Food Irradiation and, in 1967, the Steering Committee on food irradiation research in the Atomic Energy Bureau, S.cience and Technology Agency, selected the following food items as of economic importance to the country, i.e., potatoes, onions, rice, wheat, Vienna sausage, kamaboko (fish meat jelly products) and mandarin oranges. The National Project is expected to finish at the end of the 1981 fiscal year. Based on the studies by the National Project, irradiated potat,.oes were given "unconditional acceptance" for human consumption in 1972. Already in 1973, a commerci.al potato irradiator was built at Shihoro, Hokkaido. In 1980, the Steering Committee submitted a final report on ,the effectiveness and wholesomeness studies on irradiated onions !,o the JAEC. This paper gives a brief explanation of the legal aspects of food irradiation in Japan, and the present status of wholesomeness studies on the seven items of irradiated food. In addition, topics concerning food irradiation research on kamaboko, especially on the effectiveness and" a' new detecting method for the irradiation treatment 'of these products, are outlined. Toshiharu Kawabata *Department of Biomedical Research on Food, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan.

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BENEFITS OF RADIATION PROCESSING TO FOOD INDUSTRIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Benefits of radiation processing to food industries in developing countries. Recent international developments which facilitate radiation processing of food as a physical method of food preservation are described. The benefits of the treatment to food industries in developing. countries are explained, which, include, among other things, overcoming quarantine barriers to fruits in international trade, eliminating certain pathogens in frozen food, reduction of chemical residues in food, low-energy requirement, etc. Case studies on the economics of existing and planned commercial food irradiators are" provided. Examples of commercial food irradiators which could be economical for developing countries are given. P. Loaharanu *Food Preservation Section Joint FAO{IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food and Agricultural Development, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.

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PENENTUAN KADAR ARSEN DALAM BERMACAM-MACAM TONIKUM DENGAN CARA ANALISA PENGAKTIPAN NETRON

A method had been worked out for the determinotion of arsenic in tonics using the neutron radioactivation analysis technique. After irradiating the sample and the standard in a reactor with a flux of 1012 n/cm2/sec for two hours, it is extracted in dilute NaOH solution with heating to transform the arsenic into the soluble sodium arsenite and filtered. After adding arsenic_carrier and dilute HCI to make the pH ±. 3, the arsenic is precipitated as As2S3 by H2S. The precipitate is weighed after washing with acetone and drying under an I.R. lamp, and the activity is analysed using a single channel gamma scintillation spectro_meter in which a solid, 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 inch, Nal (Thallium activated) crystal served as the detector. The presence of Mn and Cu makes the anal ysis for arseni c rather high and in this case a further radiochemi cal separation has to be done. HITLER NATASUWARNA. POEY SENG BOUW dan DJALI AHIMSA *)laboratori um Rodiopharmacy, Pusat Reaktor Atom Bandung. Penyelidikan ini dibantu dengan grant dari DURENAS.

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CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF NUCLEAR REACTOR SITING IN INDONESIA.

Although ihe problem has not yet arisen, a study is being made of the possibility of constructing nuclear power plant in Indonesia in the near future. The paper reviews the studies carried out to define the safety criteria applicable for the site in question. Two broad categories on national safety siting criteria are proposed, one, sites are chosen on the basis of limiting reference doses used in conjunction with a maximum credible occident, and the other an the basis of the density of population, beside the physical condition of the site that must be taken into account for meeting the requirements.

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BWR NUCLEAR STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEM

The purpose of this presentation is to familiarize you with the boiling water reactor (BWR). I will give you a general description of the BWR by describing its design evolution in the General Electric Company (GE). This description should give you information on our basic design criteria and goals. We have, for ease of presentation, divided our BWR's into six product lines stretching over the last seventeen years from Dresden 1 as a BWR/l to today's BWR/6. Each of these product lines represents a significant technological step forward based on design, development, operating, and testing experience. After this history of the GE _ BWR, we will go on a brief tour of the nuclear island of a BWR/6 plant. This tour will include the nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) with the react:>r pressure vessel (RPV), recircul ation system and equipment, mai n steam system, rpv and reactor internals, fuel, reactor auxil iary systems, emergency core cool ing systems, BWR performance under grid power changes (load foil owi ng ), and finally containment. MANUEL A. HEAD

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