Xains Info

STUDY ON GEOTECHNIQUE AND GEOHYDROLOGY IN FAILURE AREAS, P2PLR-BATAN, SERPONG

2012-01-17T15:32:00.002+07:00

Abstract

Failures in reverse side of 50 and 52 building, first enoccurred in early 2002, temporary treatment on slope failure which conducted in the middle of year 2002 has not solved the problem, because it did not consider the aspect of geotechnique and geohidrology that causing the failure.

Geotechnique and geohidrology study in failure area covered field work, laboratory work and geotechnigue/geohydrology analysis. Field works includes topographic mapping, core drilling, hand auger, groundwater level monitoring, standard penetration test and undisturbed sampling. Laboratory work includes index properties and engineering properties test. Studio works covered geotechnical analysis for the calculation of safety factor, while geohydrology analysis to understand the groundwater system. Slope stability analysis resulting the small number of safety factor, between 0,305-1,637 on normal condition, 0,293-1,597 on saturated condition and 0,205-1,075 on earthquake condition. From the geohidrology analysis, concluded that water clogging still occurs in several areas of slope, causing the excess of pore water pressure and decreasing the value of soil shear strength. Key words : Geotechnique, geohydrology, failure, P2PLR-BATA. By. Heri Syaeful, Suharji, Sartapa, Suparjo AS; Pusat Pengembangan Geologi Nuklir - BATAN

CORROSION AND AGEING AND ITS EFFECTS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

2012-01-17T15:28:00.001+07:00

ABSTRACT
Ageing affects all reactors structures, systems and components to some degree and has potential to increase risk to public health and safety if its effects are not controlled. Therefore, in order to ensure continuous safe operation of a nuclear power plant,

observes must be taken to detect ageing degradation can be done to mitigate it through inspection. maintenance, repair or replacement of important reactor structures, systems and components. For reactors advance in age that almost achieve the normal design of age, ageing is key considerations in assessment of the safety implication of license renewal or to extend the operating life the nuclear power plants.

Keywords: Corrosion, Ageing, Nuclear power plants. By. Febrianto Bidang Keandalan Komponen dan Sistem (BK2S) Pusat Pengembangan Teknologi Keselamatan Nuklir (P2TKN)-BATAN

DIAGNOSIS OF COMPONENT AGEING IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

2012-01-17T15:25:00.001+07:00

ABSTRACT
The problems of component ageing in nuclear power plant were described. In the first part, the philosophy of life management conducting in countries which is operating nuclear power plant were described. Type of degradations caused by ageing which will be occurred in the components were described, especially for not ease to be replaced components.

To diagnose the degradation growth, both destructive and non-destructive diagnosis methods have been developed. Finally, the matters related to ageing which should be prepared by BATAN in order to approach the first nuclear power plant constructions. Keywords: NPP’s Component Ageing, Life Management, Diagnosis Metho. By. Roziq Himawan Bidang Keandalan Komponen dan Sistem (BK2S)
Pusat Pengembangan Teknologi Keselamatan Nuklir (P2TKN)-BATAN

APPROACH TO THE AGEING MANAGEMENT OF RSG-GAS

2012-01-17T14:52:00.001+07:00

ABSTRACT
Safety is a condition that must be reached constantly in managing a nuclear reactor, from the stage of contruction, operation until the decommissioning have been processed. The safety of reactor operation is closely related to the reliability of components, structures and systems (CSS) of the nuclear reactor. Each reactor’s CSS will experience its ageing that cause the degradation of system reliability level.

The G.A. Siwabessy Multipurpose Reactor (RSG-GAS) is a high power research reactor which has been operating since sixteen years ago. Comprehensive evaluation of the ageing process that is happened in RSG-GAS has not been conducted yet. Meanwhile, in general, for all research reactor types there are safety requirements from IAEA related to the ageing, even in design, development, operation and extending operation life. To start and spur the comprehensive evaluation of ageing in RSG-GAS, a research was conducted to compile an integrated Ageing Management Document to be a guidance of implementation of ageing management in RSG-GAS. From result of the current research, the Ageing Management Document of RSG-GAS has been compiled. Compilation of the document is carried out by embracing an approach of compromise of ageing management of research reactor and power reactor. Keywords:Ageing, RSG-GAS, CSS, Component reliability. By. Mohammad Dhandhang Purwadi; Pusat Pengembangan Teknologi Reaktor Riset (PPTR)-BATAN

STUDY OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT COMBINED WITH RADIATION TO PREPARE BIOTIC ELICITOR FOR UTILIZATION IN AGRICULTURE FOR RICE AND SUGARCANE

2012-01-17T14:31:00.001+07:00

ABSTRACT

Chitosan was prepared from shrimp shell (alpha chitosan) and from squid pen (beta chitosan) with degree of deacetylation of about 70%. Degradation of chitosan in flake form by combined treatment with H2O2 and gamma Co-60 radiation was carried out. Results showed that combined treatment was highly effective for degradation of chitosan to obtain low molecular weight of 1-2 105. Oligochitosan was prepared by irradiation of chitosan solution of 50g/l (5%, w/v).

The dose required for oligochitosan with water soluble content of more than 70% was of 32kGy and 48kGy for alpha and beta chitosan, respectively. Synergic effect of degradation of chitosan in solution with 1% H2O2 and gamma Co-60 radiation was also investigated. The dose to obtain oligochitosan was reduced from 32kGy to 4kGy for beta and 48kGy to 8kGy for alpha chitosan.
The elicitation and growth promotion effect of oligochiotsan for sugarcane and rice were investigated. Results showed that oligochitosan with water soluble content of 70-80% (Mw~6,000-12,000) exhibited the most effective elicitation and growth promotion for plant. The optimum oligochitosan concentration by spraying was of 30 and 15ppm for sugarcane and rice, respectively. The disease index of Ustilgo scitaminea and Collectotrichum falcatum on sugarcane were reduced to 44.5 and 72.3% compared to control (100%). The productivity of sugarcane was increased about 13% (8tons/ha). The disease index of Pyricularia grisea on rice was reduced to 53.0% for leaf and 34.1% for neck of bloom compared to control (100%). The productivity of rice was increased for 11-26% (0.6-1.4 tons/ha).
The obtained results indicated that oligochitosan is promising to use as a biotic elicitor for plant particularly for sugarcane and rice. The procedure for production of oligochitosan elicitor by irradiation method was set up and the economic benefit by using oligochitosan elicitor for sugarcane and rice was preliminarily estimated.

(Nguyen Quoc Hien1, Truong Thi Hanh1, Vo Thi Kim Lang1,
Dang Van Phu1, Doan Thi The1, Bui Phuoc Phuc2, Cao Anh Duong3
1Research and Development Center for Radiation Technology, Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission
2College of Natural Sciences, National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3Research and Development Center for Sugarcane, Vietna)

Electromagnetic Waves: Transmission Network Multi-Function For The Future

2012-01-17T14:16:00.000+07:00

Electromagnetic of the word "Electrical" and "Magnetic waves which means consisting of Energy Electricity and Magnetism Energy that radiates to the source of charge that moves back and forth. Propagating electromagnetic working system with a system that is the right hand finger upward direction is the Electric Field,

the palm of the hand is the magnetic field, and the thumb is the direction of propagation of the wave vector.

As we know that the propagation of electromagnetic waves having a relatively fast so that it has a relatively. Rapid propagation of electromagnetic waves is 3 x 10 ^ 8 m / s which have an energy E = mc ^ 2 with a mass as the mass of the charge.

The nature of the electromagnetic wave is a wave-shaped hills of the valley with the magnetic field and electric field are mutually perpendicular.

Looks Light is one of the electromagnetic waves that can be seen directly by human eyes which quickly rambatnya 3x10 ^ 8 m / s. Visible light can be used as a transmission medium, for example the electric charge on the fiber optic light can also generate electricity by irradiating a light metal with a frequency higher than the metal so that the electrons on one coin will come out and hit the other pieces of metal resulting in electrocution and other metals.

Then how to change the cable transmission media as a medium of transmission through electromagnetic waves at power plants then how well the Earth's natural electromagnetic waves can be altered or converted into high-frequency electrical charge How can any power grid that will be transmitted to each rumah2 residents without cable or by means of specific electromagnetic waves so that electrical energy can be emitted from various regions with a range of LAN, MAN, WAN in fact, please check on my next article.

By. Alfandra ; http://alfandra.blogspot.com.

A STUDY ON MERCURY POLLUTION AS IMPACT OF SMALL SCALE ILLEGAL GOLD MINING ACTIVITY IN CIKANIKI RIVER, CISADANE SUB. WA TERSHED, BOGOR

2012-01-17T12:24:00.001+07:00

ABTRACT

Degradation of surface water has now been threatening the purpose and even its sustainability. One of the rivers get/ing such a threat is Cikaniki, which flows to Cianten River and terminated at Cisadane River. Cikaniki is located in Nanggung, a sub district of Bogor.
Some activities such es small scale illegal gold mining that ignore environmental aspect occurred in the upstream pf the river.The gold mining causes erosion, sedimentation, and the disposal of mercury (Hg) as waste of gold ore processing into the river. The process is highly influence on water qus/ffy of the river, which is used by the surrounding community for domestic purposes. The aims of this study were to reveal physic-chemical water quality in the river body, the rote of pollution, potential source or location of pollution and to collect data of water quality status that presumably occurred after getting disposal or waste. The study was carried out in July to October 2003 by collecting and analyzing physical and chemical parameters in four observations and at different time in Cikaniki. Analyzed primary parameters were pH, DO, BOD, COD, NHJ-N. and heavy motals (Hg, Pb, and Cd) by standard mol/lGds of APHA AWWA (2000). Supporting paremators such as current, turbidity, temperoture, conductivity. Some parameters woro diroctly measured In tlro fluId, and ol/rofS were analyzed in Hydrochemistry Laboratory, Research Center for Limnology. The result shows that majority of water quality parameters of Cikanikl River are still under the limit tolerated value based on Indonesian Gogerment rogulation for river water No. 8212001 .. Some other parameters show outside the maximum limit such as concentration of BOD (0.97 - 4.49 mgIL), COD (8.78 - 59.43 mgIL), NH3-N (0.001 - 0.086 mgIL), and Hg (0.0023 - 0.1743 mgIL). Based on tile observation, it is concluded that pollution has occurred in every station and time of observation by BOD, COD, NHrN, and Hg wastes. Mercury had average concentration of 35 times the maximum limit stated for Class 1/1(0.002 mgIL) and Class IV (0.005 mgIL). Based on the result, some parameters have to be taken in to account and need direct follow up to handle the pollution especially the impact of Mercury pollution, which has negative impact to the environment. Key word: mercury pollution, small scale illegal gold mining (PETI), Cikaniki River, Pongkor.

By.Muhammad Suhaemi Syawal, Yustiawati;Pusat Penelitian Limnologi-LIPI,

Email: svawalms@vahoo.com;syawal@limnologi.lipi.go.id

The Application Of Geographical Information System For Siting Of Radioactive Waste Disposal

2012-01-16T12:30:00.003+07:00

In Indonesia, until now its have not developed yet theapplication of Geographical Information System (GIS) for sitting of radioactive waste disposal. It is need to introduce the application of the GIS technology for sitting.
The GIS would be useful in the stage of land inventory, evaluation, classification and planning of the objective, because the GIS can support the process acceleration, accuracy 3nd spatial data integration presented in the thematic maps form. Site selection of radioactive waste disposal both near sulface disposal (NSD) type or deep-geological disposal (DGD) type have been developed systematically in 4 (four) stage: 1) concept and planning; 2) area survey; 3) site characterization; and 4) site confirmation. Practically, site selection could be conducted with negative screening and positive screening which include overlay and scoring. The scope of GIS application on the sitt:: selection would include in the data sources, data management and spatial data analysis. As a conclution could be notsd that the application of GIS for site sa!ection would be very useful in helping of: 1) spatial data storage, data management and data integration; 2) analysis of data specifICally related to graphical data component; and 3) organizing data so that the information can be used by all users. By. Sucipta; Pusat Pengembangan Pengelolaan Limbah Radioaktif

Analisis Pergeseran Suatu Bahan Dengan Metode Holografi Interferometer

2012-01-16T12:14:00.001+07:00

Object deformation has been observed by using holo-graphy interferometry double exposure method. The object consists of vertical steel bar fixed at its lower end by screwing it to a stable mount. The top of the bar is sup-ported by a micromeler slides.

Bel ween the two exposures of hologram a micromeler change is applied at the top of the bar. The fringe pallern could be seen on lhe reconstruclion hologram. The magnilude of lhe deformation can be found by the number of fringes. The smallest deformation of steel bar is 5 pm, with number of fringes 18 lines. The Kodak 132-02 high speed was used in the hologram recording, time exposure is 0.01 second. The method can be used to observe object deformation quantitalively. By. Sigil Hariyanlo, Budi Sanlosa, Lely Susila; Pusal Penelilian Nuklir Yogyakarta.

Effect of gamma radiation Mutations InduksiI At Rice, Chili, Sorghum, and Soybean

2012-01-13T10:58:00.001+07:00

Rice
Rice is a crop of grass berumpun. This plant originated daru two continents, namely Asia and the West African tropical and subtropical regions. Extensive rice cultivation in Indonesia is estimated at 11-12 million ha, which is scattered in various typologies of land such as rice (5.10 million ha), rainfed (2.10 million ha), field (1.20 million ha), and tidal land (Susanto, et al., 2003).

Rice is a food that produces rice. This food is a staple food for most of the population of Indonesia.
There are 25 species of Oryza. The most famous is O. sativa with two subspecies. First, adalaj Japonica (rice fur) grown in subtropical areas. Second, indica (rice CERE) planted in the tropics. Japonica adaptation that develops in some areas in Indonesia referred to as javanica subspecies.
Research activities of rice plants with a mutation technique has been widely applied, BATAN own institution has succeeded in creating new varieties through breeding with this mutation techniques. Examples of such success is the release of some rice varieties include; Atomita 1, Atomita 2, Atomita 3, Atomita 4, Situgintung, Cilosari, Woyla, Meraoke, Kahayan, Winongo, Diah Holy, Yuwono and Mayang. Several varieties have been used in rice crossbreeding program. (See more at http://jai.staff.ipb.ac.id/tag/sorghum/)

Sand, Alternative Energy Future

2012-01-13T10:42:00.000+07:00

ENERGY is an important part in community life, because almost all human activity always requires energy. For example, for lighting, industrial processes or to move the necessary household appliances electrical energy; for both two-wheel drive vehicles and four needed gasoline, and still a lot of equipment around human life requires energy.

SOME of the energy used in Indonesia comes from fossil energy in the form of petroleum and natural gas. Energy can also be obtained from water-driven turbines and generate electrical energy. Are now widely known natural potential in providing alternative energy of fossil energy, including energy from nuclear reactors, energy from wind power or energy from the sun, and so forth. Why at this time to consider alternative energy for the future? This issue starts from the energy supply of the fossil is very limited and is expected to expire in the next few years. Thus, many countries, especially those that do not have supplies of fossil energy and depends on the countries exporting oil and natural gas, has started preparing himself to look for alternative energy and conduct national programs to conserve energy use. Both of these activities are done in parallel, very large government involvement in the implementation of the program, especially in the dissemination of research results and development in the field of energy. At the annual meeting of experts in May 2000 in silisium Tromse, Norway, as reported Stren magazine dated 9 November 2000, obtained the idea to use sand as a source of alternative energy future that is expressed by Prof. Nobert Auner from the University of Frankfurt, Germany. This idea gained after he listened to the presentation of PT Tamme Gudrun Wacker, Berghausen, Germany, on "Silisium and Copper Production of Silicon Dioxide in a Dangerous Mixture". This theme is based on the experience of PT Wacker was appointed in 1998 to produce silane (intermediate products in the production process of silicon). Silisium storage silos and copper dioxide showed a very high increase in temperature, from room temperature to 200 degrees Celsius and mixed materials in silos has become very hard. Furthermore, the silo was reduced to half its contents, in the hope the temperature will drop. However, the temperature in the silo remains high, even temperatures in the middle silo figures show 400 degrees Celsius. Workers are trying to reduce the temperature of the silo by spraying water on the outside of the silo, because it is very dangerous when water reacts with silisium there will be a tremendous reaction heat, can even cause an explosion in the silo. This effort was not successful, then the efforts taken by flowing nitrogen gas and argon gas to further reduce the temperature of the silo. This last effort is taken to show positive results, the temperature returned to normal silo. At the time of the distribution of argon gas into the silo, known of the "lava" in a mixture of materials in the silo. This lava that gives ideas for Prof. Nobert Auner to use sand that has its major constituent silisium can be used as a source of alternative energy future. That condition is the basic idea for using sand as fuel. Based on the condition that occurs in the PT Wacker and the results of research at the University of Frankfurt, then there are several possibilities in the utilization of the sand.

1. Sand found in many places, either in the form of rocks or sand as found in the desert. The sand is mostly composed by silisiumdioksida, so it can be used as a raw material production silisium. In processing silisiumdioksida be silisium or metal material which is gray usable and environmentally friendly energy provided by nature, namely wind energy or energy from the sun. Silisium is non-toxic materials and has an energy content such as carbon, which is the core of fossil energy. Energy in silisium stored securely because of the chemical bond, and can be moved to another place safely. As a comparative material in Table I is shown the amount of energy generated by several alternative energy sources. See Table 1.

2. Silisium purely an industrial raw material that is worth billions of dollars, because silisium is the raw material for producing computer chips and silicon. Of silicon can still be produced in several kinds of goods such as advanced materials for paints, artificial breasts, cosmetic ingredients, contact-lens, ceramics, and tires. When done silisium production process into silicon liquid by-product obtained, Tetramethylsilan (TMS) which has an energy fuel for gasoline from petroleum. If TMS is burned, it will produce energy and less CO2 than gasoline and clean sand. Thus, TMS can be used as an alternative fuel of the future, although keep in mind sand produced during the combustion process.3. Silisium reactor is a reactor that is environmentally friendly, because in the process of combustion to produce energy, this reactor using O2 and N2 gases are widely available in free air. The heat generated from combustion processes can be used to run turbines that can generate electrical energy. In addition to the heat energy generated in the combustion process also produced sand and silisium nitrite, which can be used to produce ceramic or glass. In addition, silisium nitrite can be used as a coating material that resists scratches, humidity, fire, and acid. In addition it also produced the gas which has 80 percent of the gas composition of N2, CO2, and O2 is similar to the composition of gases in the atmosphere so as not to cause a lot of pollution problems. As of silisium nitrite itself can be produced gas or ammonia NH3, which can also be used as fuel for motor drive or the cars in the future. In addition, ammonia can also be used as raw material for manufacture of urea fertilizer or fertilizer nitrogen. If this can be implemented, it will be done to improve the process for producing urea fertilizer, ie no longer uses the classical Haber-Bosch process that requires high temperatures and pressures and require an expensive process costs. In addition, CO2 gas, which are removed during the process can be used as a base for the manufacture of methane, a fuel substitute for gasoline. The burning of methane gas will also produce CO2 gas again, but according to Daniel Herbst of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany, can also be produced liquid fuel that is free of CO2 through biotechnological processes or electrolysis. Initial knowledge about the use of sand as an alternative fuel in the future still needs further development. But these scientific breakthroughs require attention from all parties including government, corporate, and research institutes or universities that give priority in the development of future energy. In Indonesia, which has been spoiled by the variety of its natural amenities, is still very low concern for energy use effectively. It is quite necessary amended in anticipation of the approaching era of globalization, because the issue of energy use or energy management and environmental management will become an important issue of world trade products. With the implementation of ISO 14000 on environmental management and ISO 14040 on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is increasingly reminds us that management of environment, natural resources, and energy management will surely be one of the important issues in the world of international trade. (Oleh Wahyu Suparton , Jurusan Teknologi Industri Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian UGM Yogyakarta)

Bandwidth Measurement Manually

2011-12-02T08:23:00.000+07:00

Bandwidth Measurement Manually. It seems the command line "scp" can we use to check the real bandwidth. For example, I will measure the bandwidth from my place to Internet Exchange. At my place, I use a computer "ppin-msmunir2". At Internet Exchange, I use a computer with the IP Address 202.46.2.222. This is the result after running the command "scp" or Secure Copy.

Code :

msmunir@ppin-msmunir2:~ # scp VirtualBox-2.1.2_41885_fedora9-1.i386.rpm
msmunir@202.46.3.98:/var/www/html/download/.
msmunir@202.46.3.98's password:
VirtualBox-2.1.2_41885_fedora9-1.i386.rpm 100% 15MB 25.4KB/s 10:00
msmunir@ppin-msmunir2:~ #

Note :

VirtualBox-2.1.2_41885_fedora9-1.i386.rpm = file that will be send
msmunir@202.46.3.98:/var/www/html/download/ = my account at remote computer and plus with location where the file will be places.

You see, a file with size of 15 MB be transfered with rate 25.4 KB/s and need time for 10 minutes. If we converte, 25.4 KB/s is equal to 203.2 Kb/s. Therefore, the bandwitdh beetwen my place to Internet Exchange is 25.4 KB/s or 203.2 Kb/s.

by.msmunir@batan.go.id

Bored With The Look Your MC's Color?

2011-12-02T07:42:00.002+07:00

Bored With The Look Your MC's Color?. MC (Midnite Commander) usually used as a file manager on Linux system. MC can be used both in the computer at the local and remote computer. Also, the MC can be used to transfer a file between two computers. You do not need to use ftp client, like gFTP.

To change the colors of your MC, edit the configuration file "ini" on folder /home/your_name/.mc/. To edit the file "ini", you can't use the mcedit editor, should use the vi editor. Basically, you just add 2 lines below to your the configuration file "ini".

Code :
[Colors]

base_color=gray,black:normal=yellow,black:menu=yellow,gray:viewunderline=balck,green:edi
tnormal=white,black:editmarked=black,white:menuhot=red,gray:directory=brightred,gray:exe
cutable=brightgreen,gray:device=white,gray:input=yellow,gray:link=brightcyan,gray:stalledlin
k=white,gray:reverse=brightmagenta,black:selected=black,yellow:marked=yellow,brown:mark
select=black,magenta

Code :

[msmunir@msmunir1 ~]$ pwd

/home/msmunir

[msmunir@msmunir1 ~]$ cd .mc

[msmunir@msmunir1 .mc]$ ls

cedit filepos history ini Tree

[msmunir@msmunir1 .mc]$

With vi editor, edit the configuration file "ini". Go to the last page.

Code :
[msmunir@msmunir1 .mc]$ vi ini

Example of MC "ini" configuration file after modification.

Code :
[Midnight-Commander]

show_backups=1

show_dot_files=1

verbose=1

mark_moves_down=1

pause_after_run=1

shell_patterns=1

...

...

[Misc]

ftpfs_password=anonymous@

ftp_proxy_host=gate

display_codepage=Other_8_bit

[Colors]

base_color=gray,black:normal=yellow,black:menu=yellow,gray:viewunderline=balck,green:edi
tnormal=white,black:editmarked=black,white:menuhot=red,gray:directory=brightred,gray:exe
cutable=brightgreen,gray:device=white,gray:input=yellow,gray:link=brightcyan,gray:stalledlin
k=white,gray:reverse=brightmagenta,black:selected=black,yellow:marked=yellow,brown:mark
select=black,magenta

[Panelize]

Find *.orig after patching=find . -name \*.orig -print

Find SUID and SGID programs=find . $ \( -perm -04000 -a -perm +011 $ -o $ -perm -02000 -a -
perm +01 $ \) -print

Find rejects after patching=find . -name \*.rej -print

by. msmunir@batan.go.id

Production Of Natural Rubber Grafted Styrene Copolymer Latex As Water Base Coatings

2011-12-01T12:18:00.000+07:00

Production Of Natural Rubber Grafted Styrene Copolymer Latex As Water Base Coatings. Twelve kinds formulation of natural rubber grafled copolymer styrene (NR-g-S) prepared by gamma radiation co-polymerization technique has been carried out.

The characteristic of NR-g-S and its water base coating such as molecular structure, particle size, and the properties of latex and its film were evaluated. The results showed that the NR-g-S latex as a water base coating has low viscosity. height strength, good grease resistance, good flexibility, good aging and corrosion resistance on concrete cement and metal. The average particle size is between 270-300 nm, and the bonding between poly-isoprene of NRL and styrene molecules were grafled copolymer. Keywords: coating, water based, latex. By. Marga Utama, and Koentjahja Widjaja; Centre for The Application of Isotopes and Radiation Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency and PT. Jaya Karya Utama

Digital Correlation Of First Order Space Time In a Fluctuating Medium

2011-12-01T12:04:00.000+07:00

Digital Correlation Of First Order Space Time In a Fluctuating Medium. The study of fluctuating medium has been of great interest through the use of the correlation techniques A laser beam is known to form a coherent beam which can be made to propagate within the fluctuating medium.

This will allow the study of the outgoing beam using digital correlation technique. Based on the power spectrum. the integral transformation of the correlation function. One can obtain for instance the radiasi and mass of the particles executing. Brownian motion in the dispersed solution. To correlate the laser beam directly may not allow the detection of signals by electronic means. A method of digitizing the light signals by means of light beat heterodyne technique is therefore adopted. The temporal and special correlation functions can be measured. Keywords: fluctuating medium, Brownian motion, laser. By. Budi Santoso; Centre For Partnership in Nuclear Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) Puspiptek Serpong.

Upgrading From a Previous Fedora

2011-12-01T08:18:00.000+07:00

Upgrading From a Prebious Fedora. One of the great new features is to be able to do a live upgrade from an
older Fedora release to Fedora 11. You simply have to install the new p
ackage called preupgrade and run the program as root:

# yum -y install preupgrade
# preupgrade

Code :
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install preupgrade
Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit
Setting up Install Process
Parsing package install arguments
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package preupgrade.noarch 0:1.1.0-1.fc9 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: createrepo for package: preupgrade
--> Processing Dependency: anaconda-yum-plugins for package: preupgrade
--> Running transaction check
---> Package anaconda-yum-plugins.noarch 0:1.0-1.fc9 set to be updated
---> Package createrepo.noarch 0:0.9.6-3.fc9 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=======================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=======================================================================
Installing:
preupgrade noarch 1.1.0-1.fc9 updates-newkey 94 k
Installing for dependencies:
anaconda-yum-plugins noarch 1.0-1.fc9 updates-newkey 11 k
createrepo noarch 0.9.6-3.fc9 updates-newkey 73 k

Transaction Summary
=======================================================================
Install 3 Package(s)
Update 0 Package(s)
Remove 0 Package(s)

Total download size: 177 k
Downloading Packages:
(1/3): anaconda-yum-plugins-1.0-1.fc9.noarch.rpm | 11 kB 00:00
(2/3): createrepo-0.9.6-3.fc9.noarch.rpm | 73 kB 00:00
(3/3): preupgrade-1.1.0-1.fc9.noarch.rpm | 94 kB 00:01
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 43 kB/s | 177 kB 00:04
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : createrepo 1/3
Installing : anaconda-yum-plugins 2/3
Installing : preupgrade 3/3

Installed:
preupgrade.noarch 0:1.1.0-1.fc9

Dependency Installed:
anaconda-yum-plugins.noarch 0:1.0-1.fc9 createrepo.noarch 0:0.9.6-3.fc9

Complete!
[root@localhost ~]#

This process does take a LONG TIME, requires a high speed internet connection
and has a couple minor gotchas but so far I've done a couple upgrades with no
data loss and pretty much everything has "just worked" afterwards. You don't
need to download and burn any ISOs as the upgrade is done on top of your current
installation.

Available Fedora Releases :

* Fedora 11 (Leonias)
* Fedora 10 (Cambridge)

The computer do :
1. Download release info
2. Download installer images
3. Determine which packages to download
4. Download packages
5. Prepare and test upgrade

Total Volume : 1,6 GB

After the preupgrade script downloads a ton of packages it will reboot and begin
the upgrade procedure automatically. Follow the instructions and after the upgrade
is complete log back in and you'll have to fix a couple little things. One things
is that you'll need to update the Livna repository file below and then clear the
yum cache. Once you do that you'll have to do an update again and this time yum
will automatically update any extra software you had installed from Livna with
he previous version.

# rpm -Uhv http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-9.rpm
# yum clean all
# yum -y update

Code :
[root@nms ~]# rpm -Uhv http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-9.rpm
Retrieving http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-9.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.ZWJfOi: Header V4 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID a109b1ec
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:livna-release ########################################### [100%]
[root@nms ~]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, refresh-packagekit
Cleaning up Everything
[root@nms ~]# yum -y update
Loaded plugins: dellsysidplugin2, refresh-packagekit
fedora | 3.8 kB 00:00
fedora/primary_db | 8.4 MB 00:38
livna | 2.4 kB 00:00
livna/primary_db | 2.7 kB 00:00
rpmfusion-free | 3.3 kB 00:00
rpmfusion-free/primary_db | 276 kB 00:04
rpmfusion-free-updates | 3.8 kB 00:00
rpmfusion-free-updates/primary_db | 148 kB 00:02
updates | 4.4 kB 00:00
updates/primary_db | 2.6 MB 00:08
Setting up Update Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package bind-libs.i586 32:9.6.1-4.P1.fc11 set to be updated
---> Package bind-utils.i586 32:9.6.1-4.P1.fc11 set to be updated
---> Package libmad.i586 0:0.15.1b-13.fc11 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

========================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
========================================================================
Updating:
bind-libs i586 32:9.6.1-4.P1.fc11 updates 904 k
bind-utils i586 32:9.6.1-4.P1.fc11 updates 241 k
libmad i586 0.15.1b-13.fc11 rpmfusion-free-updates 84 k

Transaction Summary
========================================================================
Install 0 Package(s)
Update 3 Package(s)
Remove 0 Package(s)

Total download size: 1.2 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/3): bind-libs-9.6.1-4.P1.fc11.i586.rpm | 904 kB 00:03
(2/3): bind-utils-9.6.1-4.P1.fc11.i586.rpm | 241 kB 00:00
(3/3): libmad-0.15.1b-13.fc11.i586.rpm | 84 kB 00:02
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 162 kB/s | 1.2 MB 00:07
warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 signature: NOKEY, key ID d22e77f2
updates/gpgkey | 1.6 kB 00:00
Importing GPG key 0xD22E77F2 "Fedora (11) " from /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-i386
warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 signature: NOKEY, key ID 8fcff4da
rpmfusion-free-updates/gpgkey | 1.7 kB 00:00

Public key for libmad-0.15.1b-13.fc11.i586.rpm is not installed
Anda memiliki surat baru dalam /var/spool/mail/root
[root@nms ~]#

This too will take a while since it's likely that dozens of packages will need to be updated. Once it's done it's a good idea to reboot again for good measure and if all goes well you should be done!

Source : http://www.gagme.com/greg/linux/f9-tips.php
by Muh. Sirojul Munir

Submarine Groundw Ater Discharge (SGD) In Indonesia

2011-11-29T11:51:00.000+07:00

Pulled by gravity. fresh groundwater sill come in contact with seawater at the downstream and of flow system. Most previous work has discussed the shape og the seawater/freshwater interface on the basis of Ghyben-Herzberg's law.

The groundwater, however, will come out to the surface as coastal springs or predicted by the law, the freshwater also can flow out from the bottom of the sea. The event of freshwater flows from the bottom of the sea or submarine is named submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). The analysis shows thar the freshwater flows discharges along the interface, even as a submarine springs. Submarine groundwater discharger (SGD) is now recognized as an important pathway between land and sea. The understanding of SGD will facilitate the development of water resources and the evaluation of environments. This paper reviews the scientific significance of SGD evidence in Indonesia. It is concluded that while the SGD prosess is essentially ubiquitous in Indonesia coastal areas, the assessment of its characteristic should be made base on geology and hydrogeological coundition. SGD estimation has been made in 6 locations, where this kind of research was the first time conducted in Indonesia. Keyword: submarine groundwater discharge, springs, fresh water, coastal, Indonesia. By. Rachmat Fajar Lubis, Hendra Bakti dan Ade Suriadarma

Liqueaction Potential At Padang City: A Comparison Of Predicted And Observed Liquefactions During The 2009 Padang Earthquake

2011-11-28T11:53:00.001+07:00

The September 30, 2009 Padang earthquake has resulted in damages to infrastructures and buildings and a death toll of 383 in Padang City. Numerous liquefaction and ground deformations caused by the earthquake were particularly evidence in the areas few kilometers from the coast.

The paper presents results of the previous field geotechnical investigation of liquefaction potential and the recent liquefaction observations in Padang City. A microzonation map was created using the data from liquefaction potential analyses and liquefaction potential indexes. The predicted liquefaction susceptibility zones showed a good agreement with site observations. The assessment suggests that the liquefaction susceptibility decreases to the northeast away from the coastal line. Keywords: the 2009 Padang earthquake, geotechnical investigation, liquefaction index, liquefaction analysis. microzonation. By. Adrin Tohari, Khori Sugianti and Eko Soebowo.

Transport And Transformation Of Chemical Components In The Groundwater Flow System Of Jakarta Metropolitan Area

2011-11-28T11:30:00.001+07:00

The aim og this study is to examine the transport and transformation of chemical components within the groundwater flow in Jakarta area, and to evaluate the effects of accelerated urbanization on it.
The collected data showed that the current hydraulic potential in the Jakarta metropolitan area is below sea level because of prior excess abstraction of groundwater. The distibution of CT and Mn2 concentration in groundwater suggests that the decline in hydraulic potential has caused the intrusion of seawater to shallow groundwater and the movement of shallow groundwater into deep groundwater. It implies an accumulation of contaminants in deep aquifers. On the other hands. The presentation of NO-3-N in groundwater is suggested to be attenuated by the prosses of denitrification and dilution in the coastal area. Keywords: groundwater flow, chemical components, transport, trasformation, unbanization, Jakarta. By. Mitsuyo Saito, Shin-ichi Onodera, Yu Umezawa, Takahiro Hosono, Yuta Shimizu, Robert M. Delinom, Rachmat Fajar Lubis and Makoto Taniguehi.

Ripping CD Audio To Become MP3 From Terminal

2011-11-22T10:19:00.002+07:00

To do this, you just need 2 steps, ripping and decoding. Ripping is doing a conversion of CD Audio into WAV Files. Encoding is doing a conversion of WAV Files into MP3, OGG or FLAC files.

Packet that you need are:

1.cdparanoia-10.0-2.fc9.i386.rpm

2.lame-3.98.2-2.fc9.i386.rpm

1. Install CDPARANOIA

For this situation, cdparanoia has been installed on my computer. To install, just run :

Code :

# yum install cdparanoia

2. Install LAME

Code :

# yum install lame

Example :

[root@msmunir1 ~]# yum install lame

Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit

Setting up Install Process

Parsing package install arguments

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package lame.i386 0:3.98.2-2.fc9 set to be updated

--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

==============================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
==============================================================================
Installing:

lame i386 3.98.2-2.fc9 rpmfusion-free-updates 138 k

Transaction Summary

==============================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)

Update 0 Package(s)

Remove 0 Package(s)

Total download size: 138 k

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Downloading Packages:

lame-3.98.2-2.fc9.i386.rpm | 138 kB 00:10

==================================== Entering rpm code =======================

Running rpm_check_debug

Running Transaction Test

Finished Transaction Test

Transaction Test Succeeded

Running Transaction

Installing : lame 1/1

=================================== Leaving rpm code =========================

Installed:

lame.i386 0:3.98.2-2.fc9

Complete!

[root@msmunir1 ~]#

3. Insert CD Audio and check it

Code :

# cdparanoia -vsQ

Example :

[root@msmunir1 ~]# cdparanoia -vsQ

cdparanoia III release 10.0 (June 10, 2008)

Checking /dev/cdrom for cdrom...

Testing /dev/cdrom for SCSI/MMC interface

SG_IO device: /dev/sr0

CDROM model sensed sensed: HL-DT-ST RW/DVD GCC-4244N 1.00

Checking for SCSI emulation...

Drive is ATAPI (using SG_IO host adaptor emulation)

Checking for MMC style command set...

Drive is MMC style

DMA scatter/gather table entries: 1

table entry size: 131072 bytes

maximum theoretical transfer: 55 sectors

Setting default read size to 13 sectors (30576 bytes).

Verifying CDDA command set...

Expected command set reads OK.

Table of contents (audio tracks only):

track length begin copy pre ch

===========================================================

1. 14753 [03:16.53] 32 [00:00.32] no no 2

2. 20405 [04:32.05] 14785 [03:17.10] no no 2

3. 15830 [03:31.05] 35190 [07:49.15] no no 2

4. 10215 [02:16.15] 51020 [11:20.20] no no 2

5. 16350 [03:38.00] 61235 [13:36.35] no no 2

6. 19507 [04:20.07] 77585 [17:14.35] no no 2

7. 20608 [04:34.58] 97092 [21:34.42] no no 2

8. 9610 [02:08.10] 117700 [26:09.25] no no 2

9. 16487 [03:39.62] 127310 [28:17.35] no no 2

10. 12160 [02:42.10] 143797 [31:57.22] no no 2

11. 12888 [02:51.63] 155957 [34:39.32] no no 2

12. 15862 [03:31.37] 168845 [37:31.20] no no 2

TOTAL 184675 [41:02.25] (audio only)

[root@msmunir1 ~]#

4. Try to ripping one track, suppose track # 5

Code :

# cdparanoia -w -- "5" waltzing_back.wav

Example :

[root@msmunir1 ~]# cdparanoia -w -- "5" waltzing_back.wav

cdparanoia III release 10.0 (June 10, 2008)

Ripping from sector 61235 (track 5 [0:00.00])

to sector 77584 (track 5 [3:37.74])

outputting to waltzing_back.wav

(== PROGRESS == [ | 077584 00 ] == :^D * ==)

Done.

[root@msmunir1 ~]# ls -l

total 37680

-rw------- 1 root root 1972 2008-12-26 18:11 anaconda-ks.cfg

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Desktop

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Documents

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2009-01-24 06:36 Download

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 35394 2008-12-26 18:11 install.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5222 2008-12-26 18:10 install.log.syslog

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Music

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Pictures

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Public

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Templates

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Videos

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 38455244 2009-01-24 20:45 waltzing_back.wav

[root@msmunir1 ~]#

Try to ripping all track :

Code :

# cdparanoia -B

Example :

[root@msmunir1 ~]# cdparanoia -B

cdparanoia III release 10.0 (June 10, 2008)

Ripping from sector 0 (track 0 [0:00.00])

to sector 184706 (track 12 [3:31.36])

outputting to track00.cdda.wav

(== PROGRESS == [ | 000031 00 ] == :^D * ==)

outputting to track01.cdda.wav

(== PROGRESS == [ | 014784 00 ] == :^D * ==)

outputting to track02.cdda.wav

(== PROGRESS == [ | 035189 00 ] == :^D * ==)

...

...

...

outputting to track12.cdda.wav

(== PROGRESS == [ | 184706 00 ] == :^D * ==)

Done.

[root@msmunir1 ~]# ls -l

total 462444

-rw------- 1 root root 1972 2008-12-26 18:11 anaconda-ks.cfg

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Desktop

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Documents

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2009-01-24 06:36 Download

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 35394 2008-12-26 18:11 install.log

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5222 2008-12-26 18:10 install.log.syslog

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Music

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Pictures

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Public

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Templates

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 75308 2009-01-24 20:47 track00.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 34699100 2009-01-24 20:48 track01.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47992604 2009-01-24 20:49 track02.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37232204 2009-01-24 20:49 track03.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 24025724 2009-01-24 20:50 track04.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 38455244 2009-01-24 20:51 track05.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 45880508 2009-01-24 20:51 track06.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 48470060 2009-01-24 20:52 track07.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 22602764 2009-01-24 20:53 track08.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 38777468 2009-01-24 20:53 track09.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 28600364 2009-01-24 20:54 track10.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 30312620 2009-01-24 20:54 track11.cdda.wav

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 37307468 2009-01-24 20:55 track12.cdda.wav

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2008-12-26 12:51 Videos

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 38455244 2009-01-24 20:45 waltzing_back.wav

[root@msmunir1 ~]#

The output of this ripping is WAV files. The size of this file is very big, around 40 MB until 70 MB. It's not efficient to save on your computer. Therefor, we need convert it to MP3 files.

5. Encoding to MP3 with LAME.

Code :

# lame track01.cdda.wav track01.mp3

Example :

[root@msmunir1 ~]# lame track01.cdda.wav track01.mp3

LAME 3.98.2 32bits (http://www.mp3dev.org/)

CPU features: MMX (ASM used), SSE (ASM used), SSE2

Using polyphase lowpass filter, transition band: 16538 Hz - 17071 Hz

Encoding track01.cdda.wav to track01.mp3

Encoding as 44.1 kHz j-stereo MPEG-1 Layer III (11x) 128 kbps qval=3

Frame | CPU time/estim | REAL time/estim | play/CPU | ETA

7532/7532 (100%)| 0:18/ 0:18| 0:19/ 0:19| 10.455x| 0:00

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kbps LR MS % long switch short %

128.0 11.1 88.9 96.6 2.1 1.3

Writing LAME Tag...done

ReplayGain: -2.4dB

[root@msmunir1 ~]#

On this example, track01.cdda.wav convert to track01.mp3. If the command like this :

Code :

[root@msmunir1 ~]# lame track01.cdda.wav

The output file is track01.cdda.wav.mp3. If the command like this :

Code :

[root@msmunir1 ~]# lame track05.cdda.wav waltzing_black.mp3

The output file is waltzing_black.mp3.
Onfortunately, lame can not convert all WAV files to MP3 file at once. You must convert one by
one.
by. msmunir@batan.go.id

Rename USB FlashDisk Label On Linux System

2011-11-22T08:48:00.000+07:00

Rename USB FlashDisk Label On Linux System

1. Install mtools packet
Code :
[root@msmunir1 ~]# yum install mtools
Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit
Setting up Install Process
Parsing package install arguments
Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check
---> Package mtools.i386 0:3.9.11-4.fc9 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===========================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================
Installing:
mtools i386 3.9.11-4.fc9 fedora 210 k

Transaction Summary
===========================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Update 0 Package(s)
Remove 0 Package(s)

Total download size: 210 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
mtools-3.9.11-4.fc9.i386.rpm | 210 kB 00:04
============================== Entering rpm code
===========
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : mtools 1/1
=============================== Leaving rpm code
===========
Installed:
mtools.i386 0:3.9.11-4.fc9

Complete!
[root@msmunir1 ~]#

2. View device name of your USB FlashDisk
Code :
[root@msmunir1 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
56443212 23057344 30518668 44% /
/dev/sda1 194442 18871 165532 11% /boot
tmpfs 252516 60 252456 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 7848956 4768636 3080320 61% /media/KINGSTON
[root@msmunir1 ~]#

3. Unmount your USB FlashDisk (/dev/sdb1)
Code :
[root@msmunir1 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1

4. Check old USB FlashDisk Label
Code :
[root@msmunir1 ~]# mlabel -i /dev/sdb1 -s ::
Volume label is KINGSTON
[root@msmunir1 ~]#

5. Change label from KINGSTON to MYFLASH
Code :
[root@msmunir1 ~]# mlabel -i /dev/sdb1 -s ::MYFLASH
Volume label is KINGSTON
[root@msmunir1 ~]#

Note :
No space between :: and MYFLASH

6. Check new USB FlashDisk label
Code :
[root@msmunir1 ~]# mlabel -i /dev/sdb1 -s ::
Volume label is MYFLASH
[root@msmunir1 ~]#

7. Unplug your USB FlashDisk directly, then plug again. See the label of your USB FlashDisk.

Code :
[root@msmunir1 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
56443212 23023368 30552644 43% /
/dev/sda1 194442 18871 165532 11% /boot
tmpfs 252516 60 252456 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 7848956 4768636 3080320 61% /media/MYFLASH
[root@msmunir1 ~]#

by. msmunir@batan.go.id

Viewing Open Port On openSUSE 11.0

2011-11-15T08:41:00.001+07:00

Viewing Open Port On openSUSE 11.0
[msmunir@msmunir1 ~]$ nmap 202.46.3.76

Starting Nmap 4.53 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2009-01-24 06:56 WIT
Interesting ports on 202.46.3.76:

Not shown: 1713 filtered ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 58.661 seconds
[msmunir@msmunir1 ~]$ nmap 202.46.3.76

After port 80 is opened :

[msmunir@msmunir1 ~]$ nmap 202.46.3.76

Starting Nmap 4.53 ( http://insecure.org ) at 2009-01-24 13:28 WIT
Interesting ports on 202.46.3.76:
Not shown: 1712 filtered ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
80/tcp open http

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 29.024 seconds
[msmunir@msmunir1 ~]$

Tip to open port 80

[msmunir@msmunir1 ~]$ ssh msmunir@202.46.3.76
Last login: Sat Jan 24 11:47:39 2009 from 125.160.102.43
Have a lot of fun...
msmunir@linux-3ilu:~> yast
-bash: yast: command not found
msmunir@linux-3ilu:~> su -
Password:
linux-3ilu:~ # yast

Command sequences after YaST2 Control Center show up:

yast -> Security and users -> Firewall -> Allowed Services -> Advanced... -> TCP Ports = 80 -> OK
-> Next -> Finish -> Quit

Note : Use TAB to move between option.
by. msmunir@batan.go.id

Burn an ISO Image File With k3b

2011-11-15T08:25:00.001+07:00

To burn an ISO Image File, you can use k3b, beside Nautilus File Manager. With k3b, you can check MD5SUM directly. To do this, follow these steps below.

To burn an ISO Image file to CD :
1. Insert a blank CD disc.
2. Open k3b with choose Menu Applications -> Sound & Video -> K3b.

3. Choose menu Tools -> Burn CD Image... -> until windows "Burn CD Image -K3b" opened. On option Image to Burn -> choose : an ISO Image file, Speed
(better 24x), and Copies = 1 (depend on) -> Start.
4. Wait until process done.

To burn an ISO Image file to DVD :
1. Insert a blank DVD disc.
2. Open k3b with choose Menu Applications -> Sound & Video -> K3b.
3. Choose menu Tools -> Burn DVD ISO Image... -> until window "Burn
Iso9660 Image -K3b" opened. On option Image to Burn -> choose : an ISO
Image file, Speed (better 24x), and Copies = 1 (depend on) -> Start.
4. Wait until process done.

K3b can use to create ISO Image file.
by. msmunir@batan.go.id

Linux : Running XAMMP Automatically On OpenSUSE 11.0

2011-11-15T08:17:00.000+07:00

XAMPP is complete packet for Web, Database & FTP Server. Every time you star the computer, you must run XAMMP with manually with CLI "/opt/lampp/lampp start". How to make this running automatically every time you booting?. Follow these instruction:

1. Enter folder associated with your runlevel (GUI with network is runlevel5)

# cd /etc/init.d/rc5.d

if use runlevel3, change rc5 with rc3.

2. Type this comamnd line :

# ln -s /opt/lampp/lampp /etc/init.d/lampp

3. Check with yast -> System -> System Services (Runlevel) -> search lampp
service, if enable = No, change to Enable -> Finish -> Quit.

4. Please reboot your computer

# reboot

5. Test your web server with web browser and enter the address
http://localhost or http://ip_address

by. msmunir@batan.go.id

Gelombang Elektromagnetik Jaringan Transmisi Multi Fungsi Untuk Masa Depan

2011-11-15T08:02:00.001+07:00

Elektromagnetik dari kata "Elektro" dan "Magnetik yang berarti gelombang yang terdiri dari Energi Listrik dan Energi Magnet yang memancar dengan sumber Muatan yang bergerak bolak balik. Sistem kerja elektromagnetik merambat dengan sistem tangan kanan manusia

yaitu arah jari keatas adalah Medan Listrik, arah telapak tangan adalah Medan Magnet, dan arah jempol adalah arah rambat vektor gelombang.

Seperti kita ketahui bahwa gelombang elektromagnetik mempunyai cepat rambat yang relatif sehingga memiliki waktu yang relatif. Cepat rambat gelombang elektromagnetik yaitu 3 x 10^8 m/s dimana memiliki energi E= mc^2 dengan massa sebagai massa muatan. Sifat dari gelombang elektromagnetik yaitu gelombang yang berbentuk bukit lembah dengan medan magnet dan medan listrik yang saling tegak lurus. Cahaya Tampak merupakan salah satu gelombang elektromagnetik yang dapat terlihat secara langsung oleh mata manusia dimana cepat rambatnya 3x10^8 m/s. Cahaya tampak dapat digunakan sebagai media transmisi muatan listrik sebagai contoh pada fiber optik., cahaya dapat juga menghasilkan listrik dengan penyinaran suatu logam dengan frekuensi cahaya lebih tinggi dari logam sehingga elektron pada salah satu keping logam akan keluar dan menabrak keping logam yang lain sehingga terjadi aliran listrik pada logam lain. Lalu bagaimana mengubah media transmisi kabel menjadi media transmisi melalui gelombang elektromagnetik pada pembangkit listrik, lalu bagaimana juga gelombang elektromagnetik alamiah di bumi bisa diubah atau di konversi menjadi muatan listrik berfrekuensi tinggi. Bagaimana agar setiap jaringan listrik yang akan ditransmisikan ke setiap rumah2 penduduk tanpa melalui kabel atau dengan melalui gelombang elektromagnetik tertentu sehingga energi listrik dapat dipancarkan dari berbagai wilayah dengan jangkauan LAN, MAN, Bahkan WAN. (Alfandra)

Teknologi Memotret di Tempat Yang Gelap

2011-11-10T15:31:00.000+07:00

Ular berbisa yang sering berburu ditengah malam, menggunakan sejenis ” night vision ” yang sangat menarik. Ular tersebut memiliki organ sensor khusus yang dapat mendeteksi emisi panas dari mangsanya pada jarak 50 meter. Pengaruhnya, ular melihat tidak pada panjang gelombang penglihatan seperti yang dialami oleh mata kita yang sesitif, tetapi pada panjang gelombang infrared yang diemisikan oleh panas aliran darah atau oleh sesuatu yang dapat mengemisikan panas.
Saat ini para peneliti dari University of California di Berkeley dan Santa Barbara Research Center telah mengembangkan jenis kamera baru yang dapat menandingi penglihatan ular berbisa tersebut diatas: yaitu suatu kamera yang murah, dapat dipakai dalam keadaan gelap total, dengan pendeteksian emisi infrared. Pada saat ini kamera infrared sudah ada digunakan untuk pengamatan astronomi dan bahkan dalam dunia pengobatan kamera tersebut bekerja berdasarkan prinsip yang sama dengan photovoltaic solar cells: alat tersebut memiliki semikonduktor yang dapat menyerap radiasi dan menimbulkan gelombang listrik. Kebanyakan alat ini menggunakan semikonduktor yang rumit yang dinamakan mercury cadmium telluride, atau mercadtel. Tetapi banyak ditemukan permasalahan. Cara kerja kamera infrared tersebut diatas menimbulkan panas. Dengan lain perkataan, kamera ini sangat bising dan gambar yang diperoleh tidak jelas kecuali kalau kamera tersebut didinginkan terlebih dahulu untuk mengurangi panas. Dalam prakteknya alat mercadtel harus didinginkan sampai minus 200 oC melalui sistem cumbersome cryogenic. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan suatu kamera infrared yang dapat dioperasikan tanpa harus didinginkan terlebih dahulu. Arunava Majumdar di Berkeley dan rekan-rekannya melakukan pendekatan dan melakukan sesuatu yang sangat berbeda dengan kamera terdahulu. Kamera infrared yang baru dinamakan micro-optomechanical. Alat tersebut menggunakan gerak mesin sebagai suatu alat untuk mendeteksi radiasi infrared. Tiap piksel terdiri dari rangkaian 32 garis tipis, masing-masing berukuran sekitar 3 x 30 mikrometer. Garis-garis tersebut merupakan bilayers, seperti bilayers logam dalam termostat. Salah satu layer nya adalah material silikon nitrida yang kuat dan layer lainnya adalah emas. Pada saat garis tersebut terkena panas yang disebabkan oleh radiasi infrared, material tersebut mengembang atau memuai, tetapi tingkat pemuaiannya berbeda. Dalam termostat perbedaan pemuaian tersebut menyebabkan garis melengkung. Semakin hangat atau semakin panas garis tersebut maka lengkungan yang terjadi akan semakin besar. Untuk mendeteksi ini , para peneliti menggunakan laser beam yang terbagi dua. Salah satu beam melepas ujung garis dan dikombinasikan kembali dengan beam lainnya. Sehingga gelombang cahaya dalam kedua beam akan keluar dengan jumlah yang tergantung pada seberapa jauh ujung garis keluar dari ikatan. Hal ini menyebabkan gangguan dalam pengkombinasian kembali beam. Cahaya akan terus berkurang atau mengecil pada saat kedua beam semakin jauh dari asalnya. Sehingga pola panas terekam oleh rangkaian garis-garis, kemudian dikonversikan kedalam pola terang dan gelap dalam laser beam sehingga timbul image bagian panas dan dingin dari obyek yang terobservasi. Alat yang dinamakan sistim MIRROR (Micro-optomechanical InfraRed Receiver with Optical Readout ), dapat memproduksi suatu image dari lingkaran tungku listrik dari 100 oC sampai dingin sekali , sehingga anda tidak akan menyadari bahwa lingkaran tungku tersebut berada dalam keadaan gelap. MIRROR tidak memerlukan pendinginan, dan tidak memerlukan biaya yang besar untuk pembuatannya. Sumber: Iptek Net

Menjawab Keraguan Akan SDM Nuklir Indonesia

2011-11-10T14:51:00.003+07:00

Sejarah nuklir indonesia dimulai pada tanggal 16 November 1964 ketika ilmuwan-ilmuwan anak bangsa yang dipimpin Ir. Djali Ahimsa berhasil menyeleseikan criticality-experiment terhadap reaktor nuklir pertama Triga Mark II di Bandung. Pada keesokan harinya tertanggal 17 November 1964 Surat Kabar Harian Karya memberitakan soal kedatangan abad nuklir di Indonesia.
Kemudian pada tanggal 18 November 1964 Radio Australia mengumumkan bahwa“Indonesia mampu membuat reaktor atom”. Disusul dengan ulasan dua menit oleh “stringer” AK Jacoby yang menulis : Indonesia masuk abad nuklir. suatu hal yang sungguh membanggakan bahwa di umurnya yang masih 19 tahun, Indonesia berhasil melakukan apa yang negara - negara maju telah lakukan. Inilah bukti bahwa bangsa kita adalah sejajar dengan bangsa lain. Hari Sabtu, tanggal 20 Februari 1964 reaktor pertama dengan daya 250 kW ini diresmikan oleh Presiden Republik Indonesia pada waktu itu Ir.Soekarno. Reaktor ini digunakan untuk keperluanpelatihan, riset, produksi radio isotop. Reaktor ini mengalami dua kali pembongkaran untuk mengganti beberapa komponen utamanya pembongkaran pertama pada 1972 dipimpin Sutaryo Supadi dan yang kedua pada 1997 dipimpin Haryoto Djoyosudibyo dan A. Hanafiah.Tidak cukup sampai disini pada tahun 1979. Indonesia mengoperasikan Reaktor kartini yang berdaya 100 kw yang didesain dan dirancang bangun oleh putra - putri terbaik bangsa. Pada tahun 1987 di serpong resmi dioperasikan reaktor serpong yang berdaya 30 Mw Pada pertengahan tahun 2000 TRIGA MARK II selesei diupgrade dengan daya 2000 kW, dan pengoperasiannya diresmikan oleh Wakil Presiden Megawati Soekarnoputri nama reaktor diubah menjadi Reaktor TRIGA 2000 Bandung.Sadar akan kebutuhan SDM yang mahir dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Nuklir yang diperlukan untuk mampu memasuki Industri Nuklir maka pemerintah pada awal tahun 1980-an membentuk Jurusan Teknik Nuklir di Fakultas Teknik Nuklir UGM, Jurusan instrumentasi Nuklir dan Proteksi Radiasi di bagian Fisika UI, serta Pendidikan Ahli Teknik Nuklir di Yogyakarta (sekarang Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nuklir). Namun pada tahun 1997 Program Nuklir Indonesia ( dalam hal ini perencanaan pembangunan PLTN ) berhenti yang salah satunya dikarenakan karena penemuan gas alam di kepulauan Natuna. Ini menyebabkan Jurusan Teknik Nuklir di UGM saat ini sudah berubah dan diganti menjadi Teknik Fisika, sedangkan Jurusan Instrumentasi dan juga Jurusan Proteksi Radiasi dari Bagian Fisika UI, ditutup. Namun saat ini masih terdapat kegiatan pendidikan tentang Iptek Nuklir di ITB sebagai bagian dari Departemen Fisika ITB (S1, S2, S3) dan juga di UGM (S3). Sehingga Praktis hanya di Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nuklir yang menjadi satu - satunya perguruan tinggi yang mencetak tenaga - tenaga profesional di bidang IPTEK Nuklir.Sadar tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan listrik Nasional jika hanya bertumpu pada pembangkit Listrik konvesional maka Pada Tahun 2005 Indonesia kembali menjalankan program nuklir ini. Pada tahun 2006 pemerintah menetapkan Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN) melalu Kepres No 5 tahun 2006, yang mengamanatkan bahwa pada tahun 2025, energi terbarukan plus nuklir bisa mencapai kurang lebih 5 persen untuk kebutuhan listrik Indonesia.Kerja sama dengan IAEA - meliputi persiapan pembangunan PLTN dan persiapan regulasi, kode, panduan, dan standar bagi PLTN -pun dirintis sejak 2005. Pada 2008, regulasinya diharapkan sudah siap. Saat ini Rancangan Peraturan Pemerintah (RPP) sudah dibuat dan tinggal ditandatangani oleh Presiden. Kali ini rupanya pemerintah tidak main-main dalam rencananya ini, ini terlihat dalam kurun waktu berdekatan, Indonesia sudah menandatangani sejumlah nota kesepakatan kerja sama bidang nuklir dengan beberapa negara. Rusia, Jepang, Australia, dan Amerika Serikat (AS).Disini sudah jelas, bahwa ternyata bangsa kita sudah memiliki cukup pengalaman dalam bidang teknologi yang satu ini. Anak- anak bangsa terbukti mampu mengoperasikan 3 reaktor nuklir di indonesia selama bertahun - tahun dengan bersih dan belum memiliki catatan buruk mengenai kecelakaan nuklir yang membahayakan lingkungan dan masyarakat. Sudah ada pula ribuan aplikasi nuklir yang dipakai di bidang kesehatan seperti pada proses radiasi kanker dan teknik isotop untuk pengembangan obat. Ini belum Ratusan aplikasi nuklir yang dipakai di bidang industri seperti dalam proses desalinasi air, pemuliaan tanaman, dan banyak lagi.Ungkapan skeptis dan pesimis yang terhadap kemampuan SDM indonesia dalam teknologi nuklir, menurut saya tidak lebih dari sebuah mental inferior yang telah ditanamkan penjajah kepada kita selama bertahun - tahun, sehingga pemikiran ini bak warisan - diturunkan turun temurun dari generasi ke generasi, sehingga kita selalu berpikiran bahwa bangsa lain lebih hebat dari kita, bangsa lain lebih pandai dari kita. Padahal pada kenyataannya sekali - kali tidaklah demikian. Mental inferior inilah yang harus dihapuskan dari pemikiran para generasi muda jika bangsa kita ingin maju. Sejarah telah membuktikan bahwa kita mampu merdeka dengan keringat dan darah kita sendiri, dan bukan merupakan pemberian orang lain. Ini sebenarnya merupakan tanda bahwa kita adalah sejajar dengan bangsa - bangsa lain, bahwa bangsa ini merupakan bangsa besar yang juga mampu untuk melakukan apa yang bangsa lain telah lakukan demi kemajuan negerinya.

Tedy Tri Saputro; Mahasiswa Program Diploma-4Elektronika InstrumentasiJurusan Teknofisika NuklirSekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nuklir - BATAN, Yogyakarta

Teknologi Jaringan Komputer

2011-11-10T14:37:00.000+07:00

A. Pendahuluan

Jaringan komputer bukanlah sesuatu yang baru saat ini. Hampir di setiap perusahaan terdapat jaringan komputer untuk memperlancar arus informasi di dalam perusahaan tersebut. Internet yang mulai populer saat ini adalah suatu jaringan komputer raksasa yang merupakan jaringan komputer yang terhubung dan dapat saling berinteraksi. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena adanya perkembangan teknologi jaringan yang sangat pesat, sehingga dalam beberapa tahun saja jumlah pengguna jaringan komputer yang tergabung dalam Internet berlipat ganda.

B. Jaringan komputer
1. Pengertian
Jaringan komputer adalah sebuah kumpulan komputer, printer dan peralatan lainnya yang terhubung. Informasi dan data bergerak melalui kabel-kabel sehingga memungkinkan pengguna jaringan komputer dapat saling bertukar dokumen dan data, mencetak pada printer yang sama dan bersama-sama menggunakan hardware/software yang terhubung dengan jaringan. Tiap komputer, printer atau periferal yang terhubung denganjaringan disebut node. Sebuah jaringan komputer dapat memiliki dua, puluhan, ribuan atau bahkan jutaan node. Sebuah jaringan biasanya terdiri dari 2 atau lebih komputer yang saling berhubungan diantara satu dengan yang lain, dan saling berbagi sumber daya misalnya CDROM, Printer, pertukaran file, atau memungkinkan untuk saling berkomunikasi secara elektronik. Komputer yang terhubung tersebut, dimungkinkan berhubungan dengan media kabel, saluran telepon, gelombang radio, satelit, atau sinar infra merah.
2. Jenis-jenis Jaringan
Ada 3 macam jenis Jaringan/Network yaitu :

a. Local Area Network (LAN) /Jaringan Area Lokal.

Sebuah LAN, adalah jaringan yang dibatasi oleh area yang relatif kecil, umumnya dibatasi oleh area lingkungan seperti sebuah perkantoran di sebuah gedung, atau sebuah sekolah, dan biasanya tidak jauh dari sekitar 1 km persegi. Beberapa model konfigurasi LAN, satu komputer biasanya di jadikan sebuah file server. Yang mana digunakan untuk menyimpan perangkat lunak (software) yang mengatur aktifitas jaringan, ataupun sebagai perangkat lunak yang dapat digunakan oleh komputerkomputer yang terhubung ke dalam network. Komputer-komputer yang terhubung ke dalam jaringan (network) itu biasanya disebut dengan workstation. Biasanya kemampuan workstation lebih di bawah dari file server dan mempunyai aplikasi lain di dalam harddisknya selain aplikasi untuk jaringan. Kebanyakan LAN menggunakan media kabel untuk menghubungkan antara satu komputer dengan komputer lainnya.

b. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) / Jaringan area Metropolitan

Sebuah MAN, biasanya meliputi area yang lebih besar dari LAN, misalnya antar wilayah dalam satu propinsi. Dalam hal ini jaringan menghubungkan beberapa buah jaringan-jaringan kecil ke dalam lingkungan area yang lebih besar, sebagai contoh yaitu : jaringan Bank dimana beberapa kantor cabang sebuah Bank di dalam sebuah kota besar dihubungkan antara satu dengan lainnya. Misalnya Bank BNI yang ada di seluruh wilayah Ujung Pandang atau Surabaya.

c. Wide Area Network (WAN) / Jaringan area Skala Besar

Wide Area Networks (WAN) adalah jaringan yang lingkupnya biasanya sudah menggunakan sarana Satelit ataupun kabel bawah laut sebagai contoh keseluruhan jaringan BANK BNI yang ada di Indonesia ataupun yang ada di Negara-negara lain. Menggunakan sarana WAN, Sebuah Bank yang ada di Bandung bisa menghubungi kantor cabangnya yang ada di Hongkong, hanya dalam beberapa menit. Biasanya WAN agak rumit dan sangat kompleks, menggunakan banyak sarana untuk menghubungkan antara LAN dan WAN ke dalam Komunikasi Global seperti Internet. Tapi bagaimanapun juga antara LAN, MAN dan WAN tidak banyak berbeda dalam beberapa hal, hanya lingkup areanya saja yang berbeda satu diantara yang lainnya.
3. Protokol
Protokol adalah aturan-aturan main yang mengatur komunikasi diantara beberapa komputer di dalam sebuah jaringan, aturan itu termasuk di dalamnya petunjuk yang berlaku bagi cara-cara atau metode mengakses sebuah jaringan, topologi fisik, tipe-tipe kabel dan kecepatan transfer data.

Protokol-Protokol yang dikenal adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Ethernet
2. Local Talk
3. Token Ring
4. FDDI
5. ATM

Ethernet
Protocol Ethernet sejauh ini adalah yang paling banyak digunakan, Ethernet menggunakan metode akses yang disebut CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection). Sistem ini menjelaskan bahwa setiap komputer memperhatikan ke dalam kabel dari network sebelum mengirimkan sesuatu ke dalamnya. Jika dalam jaringan tidak ada aktifitas atau bersih komputer akan mentransmisikan data, jika ada transmisi lain di dalam kabel, komputer akan menunggu dan akan mencoba kembali transmisi jika jaringan telah bersih. kadangkala dua buah komputer melakukan transmisi pada saat yang sama, ketika hal ini terjadi, masing-masing komputer akan mundur dan akan menunggu kesempatan secara acak untuk mentransmisikan data kembali. metode ini dikenal dengan koalisi, dan tidak akan berpengaruh pada kecepatan transmisi dari network. Protokol Ethernet dapat digunakan untuk pada model jaringan Garis lurus , Bintang, atau Pohon . Data dapat ditransmisikan melewati kabel twisted pair, koaksial, ataupun kabel fiber optic pada kecepatan 10 Mbps. oleh orion

Teknologi Agroindustri Pengolahan Fillet Ikan

2011-11-10T14:25:00.000+07:00

Upaya untuk meningkatkan nilai dan mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan produksi hasil tangkapan laut adalah dengan pengembangan produk bernilai tambah, baik olahan tradisional maupun modern. Saat ini produk bernilai tambah yang diproduksi di Indonesia masih dari ikan ekonomis seperti tuna, udang dan lain sebagainya yang memiliki nilai jual meski tanpa dilakukan proses lanjutan.

Apabila ingin merubah nilai jual ikan non ekonomis maka salah satu cara yang bisa ditempuh adalah melalui diversifikasi pengolahan produk perikanan agar lebih bisa diterima oleh masyarakat dan sesuai dengan selera pasar dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan gizi masyarakat, aman, sehat melalui asupan gizi/vitamin/protein dari produk hasil perikanan dan ketahanan pangan. Hasil dari usaha tersebut sangat tergantung pada proses pengolahannya. Untuk mendapatkan mutu terbaik dari proses pengolahan ikan dapat dilakukan dengan menjaga kebersihan bahan dan alat yang digunakan. Usaha pengolahan ikan tidak hanya sebatas pada pengolahan menjadi produk yang masih berbentuk ikan tetapi juga pengolahan menjadi bentuk lain. Salah satu bentuk pengolahan dapat berupa fillet. Fillet ikan adalah suatu irisan daging ikan tanpa tulang. Ketika mendengar kata fillet maka akan terbayang jenis fillet ikan golongan mahal, seperti fillet Salmon, Kakap Merah (Lutjanus argentimaculatus), Kerapu (Serranidae) dan sebagainya. Sebenarnya fillet dapat dikategorikan menurut bahan bakunya yaitu fillet yang berasal dari ikan ekonomis seperti Salmon, Kakap Merah (Lutjanus argentimaculatus), Kerapu (Serranidae), dan fillet dari jenis ikan non ekonomis seperti Kurisi (Nemipterus nematophorus), Swanggi (Priacanthus tayenus), Biji Nangka/kuniran (Upeneus sulphureus), Pisang-pisang (Caesio chrysozomus), Paperek (Leiognathus sp), dan Gerot-gerot (Pomadasys sp). Jenis yang kedua ini merupakan bentuk mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan ikan hasil tangkapan melalui pengembangan produk bernilai tambah.Salah satu bentuk usaha dalam mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan ikan adalah dengan mengembangkan fillet dan produk lanjutannya (gel-based products) (Wahyuni, 2002). Fillet ikan non ekonomis digunakan sebagai bahan baku produk makanan olahan lanjut antara lain seperti baso, sosis, burger, otak-otak, siomay, nugget, empek-empek, krupuk ikan dan produk lainnya. Pengolahan fillet ikan menguntungkan banyak pihak dan meningkatkan efisiensi secara keseluruhan. Konsumen dapat memperoleh produk yang praktis sehingga waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memasak menjadi lebih cepat. Bagi produsen, fillet merupakan upaya memperoleh nilai tambah karena hasil dari penjualan fillet lebih tinggi daripada ikan dijual utuh. Limbah hasil produksi fillet berupa kepala ikan, jeroan dan tulang ikan dapat diolah menjadi tepung ikan, makanan unggas, pupuk atau produk lainnya. Jadi jika dilihat secara keseluruhan dalam usaha fillet ikan terjadi peningkatan efisiensi karena tidak ada limbah terbuang. Pengolahan fillet bisa dikembangkan lebih luas di Indonesia untuk pemanfaatan produksi perikanan dengan pertimbangan sebagai berikut :

Hasil tangkapan ikan di Indonesia sangat beraneka ragam.
Hampir semua jenis ikan dapat dibuat sebagai bahan baku fillet
Fillet kondisi beku dapat disimpan jangka panjang sebagai bahan baku produk makanan olahan.
Fillet mempunyai volume lebih kecil dari ikan utuh
Filet dan produk lanjutannya dapat memberikan nilai tambah untuk nelayan serta perbaikan gizi masyarakat. Penulis Harry

Sifat Tinta Cetak

2011-11-09T11:15:00.006+07:00

Dalam proses cetak mencetak , tinta merupakan unsur yang sangat penting bahkan merupakan salah satu factor yang menentukan kualitas hasil cetakan. Tinta secara umum tersusun dari paling tidak tiga unsure pokok, yaitu bahan pewarna yang merupakan bahan yang menentukan warna tinta Cyan, Magenta, Yellow Black dan warna-warna lain, yang kedua bahan pembantu (additional agent), yang ketiga Bahan pengikat. Dari ketiga bagian/unsur tadi diproses sedemikian rupa untuk menghasilkan tinta yang sesuai dengan standart. Tinta hasil proses dari ketiga unsure tersebut akan mempunyai sifat dan karakter tertentu. Sifat tinta cetak , ada beberapa diantaranya adalah: Sifat kekentalan tinta, yang diukur dengan Viscometer. Nilai dari kekentalan tinta sangant dipengaruhi oleh mesin dan kertas yang digunakan. Yang kedua , Tinta bersifat flow adalah daya alir tinta. Tinta pada prinsipnya mengalir bergerak dan berpindah dari bak tinta sampai ke kertas pada akhir proses cetak. Yang ketiga, kelengketan tinta. Sifat daya tarik tinta terhadap permukaan kertas hingga perpindahan tinta ke permukaan kertas. Kecepatan mesin pada saat proses cetak dan juga kertas yang digunakan akan mempengaruhi sifat kelengketan tinta. Selanjutnya sifat Alir tinta yang akan mengalir jika terkena gerakan dan akan berhenti jika gerakan tersebut berhenti. Sifat tinta selanjutnya adalah sifat daya kering tinta, sifat pengeringan tinta sampai dengan pori kertas yang dipakai. Sifat-sifat inilah yang menyebabkan tinta mudah berubah bentuk dan menyesuaikan dengan bahan cetak sehingga dapat diatur dan disesuaikan dengan hasil cetak yang diharapkan. (by:kangharris; E-mail: harris_jogja@yahoo.com, haristen@gmail.com)

Proses Dan Tahapan Dalam Percetakan

2011-11-09T10:48:00.002+07:00

Percetakan (printing) merupakan teknologi atau seni yang memproduksi salinan dari sebuah image dengan sangat cepat, seperti kata-kata atau gambar-gambar (image) di atas kertas, kain, dan permukaan-permukaan lainnya. Setiap harinya, milyaran bahan cetak diproduksi, termasuk buku,, kalender, buletin, majalah, surat kabar, poster, undangan pernikahan, perangko, kertas dinding, dan bahan kain. Ini karena hasil percetakan dapat dengan cepat mengomunikasikan pemikiran dan informasi ke jutaan orang.

Percetakan dianggap sebagai salah satu penemuan yang paling penting dan berpengaruh di dalam sejarah peradaban manusia. Sejak pertengahan 1400-an hingga awal 1900-an, percetakan merupakan satu-satunya bentuk komunikasi massa. Pendidikan bergantung pada ketersedian bahan bacaan, bahkan setelah penemuan-penemuan seperti radio, televisi, dan gambar bergerak, hasil percetakan tetap menjadi sumber informasi utama bagi dunia. Pada masa sekarang ini, percetakan merupakan industri penting di setiap negara maju di dunia. Percetakan : Proses dan Tahapannya Sebelum produk percetakan siap dipasarkan atau diperlihatkan, produk tersebut harus melalui rangkaian tahapan yang termasuk di dalamnya typesetting, persiapan seni gambar (art work preparation), pemasangan gambar (image assembly), platemaking, dan operasi penyelesaian (finishing operation). Typesetting Setiap karakter yang dicetak diciptakan dari type. Setiap karakter huruf cetak mewakili satu huruf, nomor, atau tanda baca. Typesetting adalah tahap pertama dalam proses percetakan. Inilah metode di mana kata-kata (disebut salinan) diubah menjadi corak yang sesuai untuk proses percetakan. Kini, kebanyakan huruf cetak disesuaikan oleh komputer. Typesetting modern disebut juga phototypesetting atau komposisi komputer. Komputer telah merevolusi industri typesetting. Dulu, percetakan surat kabar harus mengatur setiap karakter secara manual setiap individu huruf cetak, namun kini seorang reporter bisa mengetik cerita menggunakan keyboard komputer dan mengirimnya secara elektronik ke mesin typesetting otomatis. Mesin-mesin ini mampu mengatur tipe pada kecepatan 10.000 karakter per detik. Pada phototypestting, setiap karakter typeset diciptakan dari master image dari karakter tersebut. Master image disimpan baik secara fotografis maupun sebagai informasi digital didalam komputer. Image Assembly (Pengaturan gambar) Saat huruf cetak telah siap, maka akan dikombinasikan dengan ilustrasi dan kemudian diletakkan pada posisinya di halaman. Proses ini disebut layout. Film dari huruf cetak dikombinasikan dengan film dari ilustrasi didalam proses yang dinamakan stripping. Kombinasi akhir setiap film dari setiap halaman digunakan untuk platemaking. Satu plat percetakan biasanya mengandung beberapa image dari berbagai halaman berbeda. Film-film final dari semua halaman diposisikan diatas plat sehingga halaman-halaman tersebut berada dalam urutan yang benar setelah lembaran cetakan dicetak dan dilipat. Proses ini disebut sebagai imposition stripping. Platemaking (Pembuatan Plat) Setelah semua lembaran salinan typeset dan artwork telah dipasang menjadi layouts, proof dibuat untuk memastikan semua bagian dan warna ada dalam tempat yang sesuai. Proof memberikan kesempatan pada pelanggan untuk menilai adanya kesalahan dan untuk melihat bagaimana hasil cetakan akan terlihat nantinya. Akhirnya, layout yang dikoreksi (flats) digunakan untuk membuat plat darimana gambar akan dicetak. Plat ini dibuat dari substansi keras seperti logam, karet, atau plastik. Gambar yang hendak dicetak ditransfer ke plat sekaligus dengan cara yang berbeda-beda. Gambar akan tercetak ketika plat yang telah ditintai menekan kertas atau material lain. Printing Presses (Mesin Pencetak) Saat plat percetakan telah dibuat, plat akan diletakkan pada mesin yang dinamakan presses yang digunakan untuk mencetak pada kertas atau material lainnya. Mesin percetakan melakukan beberapa fungsi otomatis: Presses menintakan plat; meletakkan kertas atau bahan lain ke plat: mencetak image dengan mentransfer tinta dari plat ke kertas atau material lain; dan melekatkan bagian-bagian yang tercetak. Beberapa presses, disebut perfecting presses, mampu memcetak kedua sisi kertas pada saat yang bersamaan. Presses bisa merupakan sheet-fed (menggunakan satu sheet pada satu waktu) atau web-fed (menggunakan rol yang berkesambungan, atau web dari kertas atau material lain.) Presses bisa mencetak satu warna atau beberapa warna. Pada percetakan multiwarna, setiap warna membutuhkan unit percetakan yang terpisah, masing-masing memiliki plat dan tintanya sendiri. Ada banyak macam presses yang berbeda, tetapi semua itu hanya terdiri atas tiga kategori dasar: platen (permukaan rata) presses; presses silinder; dan rotary (gerakan memutar) presses. Dari ketiga kategori ini, rotary presses merupakan jenis yang paling sering digunakan saat ini. Penyelesaian dan Penjilidan Setelah material selesai dicetak, material biasanya melewati operasi akhir untuk menjadi produk yang telah selesai. Beberapa cetakan lembaran, seperti poster dan alat tulis menulis kantor, bisa langsung dikirimkan tanpa proses yang lebih lanjut. Bagaimanapun juga, kebanyakan produk yang dicetak dalam ukuran besar terdiri atas beberapa gambar yang terpisah. Setelah lembaran ini dicetak dan dilipat, barang-barang ini disebut sebagai signatures. Signature disusun sesuai urutannya, dibatasai, dan dipotong. Pekerjaan ini memerlukan pelipatan dan memotong signatures, atau membuat macam dari paket khusus dan material periklanan, disebut juga finishing. Prosedur penjahitan, penjepretan (stapling), atau pengeleman halaman ke punggung (untuk membuat material seperti buku, majalah, dan katalog) disebut sebagai binding. Ada banyak metode percetakan yang berbeda, tetapi hanya tiga yang biasa digunakan secara umum. Perbedaan paling menonjol adalah mengenai tipe dari plat, atau permukaan pencetakan. Mereka menggunakan: percetakan letterpress dilakukan dengan permukaan pencetakan yang timbul; litografi dilakukan dari permukaan pencetakan datar; dan gravure dilakukan dari permukaan pencetakan yang cekung kedalam. Percetakan Letterpress Letterpress atau percetakan bergambar timbul merupakan metode percetakan yang paling tua. Contoh sederhana dari prinsip letterpress adalah cap karet. Image yang hendak dicetak diukir pada sebuah karet datar, meninggalkan image yang timbul pada permukaan karet. Ketika tinta diaplikasi pada permukaan timbul ini kemudian ditekankan pada kertas atau material lain maka gambar akan tercetak. Orang China menggunakan relief method ini ketika mereka menciptakan Diamond Sutra sebagai buku pertama yang pernah dicetak. Ini dilakukan dengan mengukir aksara China pada blok-blok kayu. Tinta kemudian diaplikasi pada karakter yang timbul, kemudian ditekankan dengan tangan pada kertas mulberry-bark. Kebanyakan sejarawan percaya bahwa Johann Gutenberg dari Mainz, Jerman merupakan penemu proses percetakan letterpress seperti yang kita ketahui sekarang. Gutenberg tidak menggunakan metode tangan dan balok. Sekitar tahun 1440, dia menemukan sebuah cetakan tangan untuk membuat potongan individual tipe dari timah leleh dan material lainnya. Cetakan ini mampu membuat banyak salinan identik dari karakter yang sama dan semua karakter dapat dibuat dari cetakan dalam ukuran yang sama yang menjadikannya tersusun dan cocok satu sama lain dengan akurat. Karena potongan logam ini dapat digunakan kembali dan digerakkan maka penemuan ini disebut juga moveable type. Metode percetakan ini disebut sebagai letterpress karena mencetak huruf-huruf individual dalam sekali tekan. Letterpress Plates (Plat Letterpress) Kebanyakan plat yang digunakan untuk proses percetakan letterpress sebenarnya merupakan plat duplikat atau copy dari plat original. Plat original terbuat dari lembaran datar dari zinc, magnesium, atau tembaga yang telah dibalut dengan bahan kimia bersensitivitaskan cahaya. Setelah disingkapkan ke cahaya melalui film negatif, bahan kimia akan menghilang pada daerah non-image yang tidak terekspos, meninggalkan image yang hendak dicetak timbul diatas permukaan. Plat-plat original ini disebut engravings yang digunakan untuk menduplikat plat. Ada empat jenis plat duplikat yang umumnya digunakan untuk percetakan letterpress, yaitu electrotypes, stereotypes, plat plastik, dan plat karet. Mesin Percetakan Letterpress Gutenberg menggunakan apa yang disebut platen press untuk mencetak Kitab Sucinya (bibble) yang terkenal. Sebuah platen press memiliki dua permukaan datar: satu yang disebut bed dan yang lainnya disebut platen. Bagian bed yang menahan plat pencetak; bagian platen memegang kertas. Plat kemudian ditintai dengan roller tinta. Kertas atau material lain akan masuk, baik secara manual maupun otomatis ke dalam platen. Platen dan bed membuka dan menutup seperti cangkang kerang. Sebuah press silinder juga memiliki bed yang datar yang menahan plat pencetak. Silinder yang berputar menyediakan tekanan untuk percetakan. Kertas atau material lain diambil oleh silinder dan ditahan oleh penjepit baja yang disebut grippers. Plat pada bed datar bergerak ke samping untuk bertemu dengan silinder. Kertas kemudian dilalui oleh plat bertinta. Silinder menyelesaikan rotasinya dan melepaskan kertas ketika bed kembali pasi posisi semulanya. Pembuatan presses silinder dengan bed datar tidak lagi dilanjutkan di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1962 ketika rotary press yang lebih produktif telah banyak digunakan.Percetakan letterpress kebanyakan kini menggunakan web-fed rotary presses. Sebuah rotary press tidak memiliki bed datar. Melainkan menggunakan sebuah plat silinder dan silinder cetakan (impression cylinder). Plat diukir sesuai plat silinder: Impression cylinder menyediakan tekanan. Kertas atau bahan lain tercetak ketika melewati plat silinder dan impression cylinder yang berputar.

Ketika phototypesetting ditemukan pada akhir 1940-an, penggunaan tipe logam tuang dan percetakan letterpress mulai menurun. Letterpress kini telah digantikan kepopulerannya oleh flexography (percetakan timbul yang menggunakan plat karet atau plastik), litografi, dan gravure. Litografi (Percetakan Offset) Dalam litografi, image dicetak dari sebuah permukaan datar daripada permukaan timbul. Proses ini berdasarkan prinsip bahwa minyak (lemak) dan air tidak akan tercampur. Ketika litogrfi ditemukan pada tahun 1798 oleh Aloys Senefelder di Munich, Jerman, itu merupakan perkembangan percetakan yang signifikan dalam lebih dari 350 tahun terakhir. Hari ini kebanyakan barang dicetak dengan litografi daripada metode yang lain. Litografi berasal dari dua kata dalam bahasa Yunani: lithos dan graphos, yang sama-sama memiliki arti “menulis di atas batu.” Senefelder menggunakan krayon berminyak atau suatu cairan untuk menggambarkan ilustrasi di atas sebuah batu datar. Dia kemudian membasahi seluruh bagian batu dengan air. Ilustrasi dari minyak tersebut menolak airnya (air tidak mau melengket pada minyak). Akan tetapi, sisa bagian batu yang merupakan daerah non-gambar menerima airnya dan tetap basah. Ketika Senefelder menaruh tinta berbahan dasar minyak di atas batu, tinta tersebut menempel pada gambar yang berasal dari minyak, namun tidak pada daerah yang basah. Ketika dia menekankan sebuah kertas pada batu tersebut, Senefelder mencetak litografi yang pertama.Plat Litografi Secara praktis semua plat litografi kini terbuat dari lembaran serbukan aluminium di mana kebanyakan telah diperlakukan khusus untuk membuat daerah non-gambar yang lebih reseptif terhadap air. Plat kemudian dibalut dengan cairan fotosensitif (sensitif terhadap cahaya). Sebuah fotografi negatif dari area bergambar (salinan typeset dan artwork yang telah ditata) digunakan untuk membuat plat litografi. Cahaya kuat melewati negatif, mengekspos daerah bergambar dari plat. Ketika plat yang terekspos berkembang, cairan fotosensitif mengeras hanya pada daerah image yang terekspos. Ini adalah daerah di mana tinta akan melekat; daerah yang non-gambar yang tidak terekpos akan melunturkan tinta ketika dibasahi. Mesin Percetakan Litografi Sepanjang tahun 1800-an, semua percetakan litografi dilakukan pada mesin percetakan dengan bed datar, menggunakan plat batu. Sekitar tahun 1900-an, sebuah rotary press untuk percetakan litografi ditemukan. Plat batu tidak bisa dipasang pada silinder, jadi plat metal digunakan sebagai penggantinya. Kemajuan terpenting pada percetakan litografi adalah penemuan mesin percetakan offset pada tahun 1906. Pada percetakan offset, image tidak langsung dicetak dari plat ke kertas atau bahan lain, melainkan ditransfer dari plat silinder ke rotating rubber blanket cylinder (Image “dioffset” ke lapisan karet) Ketika silinder impressi mengangkut kertas atau bahan lain, tekanan terjadi pada silinder berlapis karet sehingga image tercetak. Tipe lain dari mesin percetakan offset yang sering digunakan hari-hari adalah perfecting blanket-to-blanket press. Tipe ini tidak menggunakan silinder impresi, melainkan menggunakan dua silinder berlapis karet. Tekanan yang sempurna ini mencetak kedua sisi dari kertas sekaligus ketika melalui mesin pencetak. Setiap sisi silinder berlapis karet digunakan sebagai silinder impressi untuk sisi yang berlawan. Kertas dicetak pada kedua sisi atau perfected, ketika melewati kedua silinder berlapis karet tersebut. Prinsip offset memberikan litografi beberapa kelebihan dibandingkan dengan percetakan letterpress. Penggunaan offset memberi litografi kemampuan untuk mencetak pada permukaan kasar di mana metode letterpress tidak dapat melakukannya dengan baik. Karena plat litografi hanya bersentuhan dengan lapisan karet halus maka ia memiliki masa pakai yang lebih panjang. Percetakan Gravure Gravure merupakan suatu proses intaglio. Kata intaglio berasal dari bahasa Italia yang memiliki arti mengukir atau memahat. Dalam percetakan gravure, image dicetak dari suatu cekungan, bukan pada permukaan datar atau timbul. Gravure berkembang dari seni memahat, sebuah metode percetakan ilustrasi yang ditemukan di Jerman sekitar tahun 1476. Sebuah pemahatan dibuat dengan pengukiran gambar dengan tangan ke dalam sebuat plat logam datar menggunakan instrumen-instrumen tajam. Plat dilapis dengan tinta. Ketika pemahat mengelap bersih permukaan plat, sisa tinta akan terjebak pada cekungan gambar tersebut. Kertas kemudian akan ditempelkan pada permukaan plat dan menyerap sisa tinta yang berada di bawah permukaan plat lalu gambar tercetak. Percetakan Gravure bekerja sesuai dengan prinsip pemahatan. Bagaimanapun juga, plat dibuat secara fotomekanik daripada diukir dengan tangan. Proses tersebut berkembang pada tahun 1878 oleh Karl Klic, seorang seniman Czech yzng menggunakan proses tersebut untuk membuat produksi karya seni berkualitas tinggi berkali-kali. Plat Gravure dan Silinder Plat Gravure dan silinder dulunya terbuat dari film positif berkesinambungan dari tatanan halaman yang diekspos ke kertas yang dilapis secara khusus yang dinamakan kertas karbon (carbon tissue). Setelah pemaparan dan pemrosesan, kertas tersebut ditransfer ke sebuah silinder plat tembaga dan image tersebut dietsa ke dalam tembaga menggunakan bahan kimia. Ini merupakan suatu proses yang panjang dan melelahkan serta membutuhkan waktu yang lama. Operator juga benar-benar harus terlatih. Proses seperti ini masih digunakan untuk beberapa cetakan pendek dan khusus. Akan tetapi, dalam kebanyakan kasus, proses ini telah digantikan leh halftone gravure. Halftone gravure menggunakan positif halftone dan mesin pemahat elektromekanik. Mesin-mesin ini “membaca” image secara elektronik. Kepala pemahat yang dikontrol oleh komputer mengukir sekitar 4000 sel setiap detiknya pada silinder. Laser juga sekarang digunakan untuk mengukir pelapis platik pada silinder gravure. Mesin Percetakan Gravure Meskipun beberapa percetakan gravure dilakukan dengan mesin percetakan sheet-fed yang menggunakan plat gravure, kebanyakan dilakukan dengan mesin percetakan rotary web-fed yang menggunakan silinder gravure. Metode ini disebut sebagai rotogravure. Sebuah unit percetakan pada rotogravure terdiri atas silinder gravure, silinder impressi, sebuah sistem tinta, sebuat pengeruk tajam yang disebut doctor blade, dan sebuah pengering tinta. Warna yang hendak dicetak sama jumlahnya dengan unit yang ada di mesin pencetak. Ketika silinder gravure berotasi, silinder akan ditintai oleh roller atau dengan semprotan, dan mengisi daerah image cekung dengan tinta. Doctor blade kemudian mengeruk kelebihan tinta yang ada di permukaan silinder gravure. Silinder impresi memeras kertas atau bahan lain melawan silinder gravure sehingga image tercetak. Metode Percetakan Lain Letterpress, litografi, dan gravure telah menjadi metode percetakan tradisional yang paling umum digunakan. Akan tetapi, teknologi dan peralatan yang maju belakangan ini telah memopulerkan beberapa metode lainnya, termasuk Screen Printing, Flexography, Heat Transfer Printing, dan Fotokopi. Screen Printing Disebut juga silk screening atau serigraphy, percetakan layar dilakukan dengan layar halus, biasanya terbuat dari kawat atau nilon yang dipasang pada suatu bingkai. Sebuah stensil diproduksi di atas layar untuk menutup area nongambar. (Image yang hendak dicetak dipotong dari atau diekspos ke stensil.) Tinta diperas melalui stensil dan layar ke atas bahan kain, kertas, atau bahan lainnya. Karena tinta yang digunakan pada screen printing lebih banyak daripada metode percetakan lain, cetakan layar biasanya harus dikeringkan dahulu melalui pengering tinta sebelum dilekatkan. Proses ini sering digunakan dalam pembuatan cetakan seni, stiker decal, kartu ucapan, penyampulan, dan banyak produk lainnya. Flexography Flexography adalah suatu bentuk dari percetakan letterpress yang menggunakan web-fed rotary press. Proses ini meggunakan plat karet atau plastik yang elastis dan tinta yang tidak gampang luntur. Flexography merupakan salah satu metode percetakan paling sederhana dan semakin banyak digunakan dalam percetakan surat kabar. Proses ini diperkirakan akan menggantikan metode letterpress dalam percetakan surat kabar. Heat Transfer Printing Pada heat transfer printing, image pertama akan dicetak pada kertas dengan tinta khusus. Image yang telah ditintai kemudian ditransfer ke bahan kain atau material lain dengan menggunakan panas dan tekanan (biasanya ada unsur besi yang digunakan). Kaos biasanya dicetak dengan metode heat transfer. Fotokopi Fotokopi juga dikenal sebagai xerography. Ini merupakan metode percetakan yang cepat dan ekonomis yang digunakan berbagai bisnis untuk menyalin cepat surat-surat dan memoranda kantoran.Fotokopi bekerja atas kelistrikan statik. Sebuah silinder rotasi, dibalut dengan selenium (elemen non-logam) dan dipacu dengan listrik statik yang berfungsi sebagai plat pencetak. Selenium tidak terpacu pada area non-gambar ketika terekspos cahaya. Image, cahaya diproyeksikan melalui sebuah lensa kepada silinder, menahan energi. Secara negatif, bubuk hitam yang dipacu tertarik kepada energi positif yang dipacu pada area bergambar pada silinder. Ketika kertas melewati silinder, kertas menerima image dari bubuk hitam. Kertas yang terbubuk lalu dihangatkan untuk membuat bubuk menempel ke kertas. Demikianlah proses dan tahapan Percetakan (http://percetakan.co.id)

Mesin Pencetak Batik Berbasis Komputer

2011-11-09T10:33:00.002+07:00

Kali ini membahas mengenai sebuah mesin yang dapat mencetak pola batik. Mesin buatan pelajar SMKN 4 Jakarta tersebut dirancang untuk membuat pola batik lebih efisien. Proses pembuatan pola yang biasanya memakan waktu berhari-hari mampu diselesaikan mesin ini hanya dalam dua jam.

Mesin itu merupakan karya yang aplikatif dan dapat membantu masyarakat pembatik.Mesin ini memiliki nilai tambah dalam produksi batik. Meski begitu, ia tidak meninggalkan ciri khas ke-Indonesiaan. Mesin tersebut adalah bukti perpaduan tekonologi dan budaya yang dapat mendorong kemajuan industri kreatif di Indonesia. “Diantara salah satu kompetensi anak didik kita yaitu bagaimana kita mempelajari mesin Computer Numeric Control (CNC). Dengan itu kita mulai mendesain sendiri kemudian diaplikasikan sesuai dengan media yang digunakan. Mesin CNC Batik yakni mesin batik yang berbasis komputer. Awalnya kita melihat, batik apabila ditulis dengan manual atau dengan tangan membutuhkan waktu yang cukup panjang. Satu lembar bisa 1-4 hari untuk pembuatan polanya. Dengan mesin ini kita bisa persingkat waktunya,” jelas Agus Martoyo, guru SMKN 4 Jakarta. Ukuran mesin sendiri ada dua. Yang pertama berukuran 150cm x 120 cm untuk area kerja 1 m x 110 cm, yang kedua untuk satu lembar kain yang standarnya adalah 115 x 220-240 cm, ukuran mesinnya 150 x 300 cm. Media did alam batik tulis ini bisa berupa kain mori, katun, sutra, dan sejenis kain yang terbuat dari bahan non sintetis. Proses pembuatan mesin ini sendiri dikatakan Agus sekitar satu bulan. Dari mulai desain kemudian merakit. “Untuk alat-alat yang digunakan sebagian memang masih kita impor seperti motor penggerak, alat pemindah gerakan tsb, namun untuk komponen-komponen sebagai landasannya itu buatan dalam negeri,” tambah Agus. Konsep mesinnya sendiri berbeda dengan printer yang tintanya langsung menyentuh media. Mesin ini konsepnya tetap tradisional jadi tetap mengguankan media lilin, setelah proses menggambar dengan lilin tadi baru dilakukan proses pewarnaan. Jadi pewarnaannya tetap manual. Yang dilakukan mesin ini hanya bagaimana membuat pola. (Program siaran Iptek Voice 21 Juli 201)

10 Produk IPTEK Besar Terkini

2011-11-09T10:16:00.001+07:00

Sesuai ramalan terkini dari majalah Inggris New Scientist, 10 produk iptek besar terkini diharapkan di dalam 30 tahun ke depan, dari ruang laboratorium melangkahkan kakinya ke rumah Anda, menjadi produk umum seperti halnya handphone (HP). Ke-10 iptek besar tersebut termasuk alat pendeteksi tembus dinding, mantel penyirna tubuh ala Harry Potter, peralatan panjat dinding ala spiderman yang membuat orang mampu memanjat dinding, pesawat terbang pribadi super, pesawat antariksa pribadi dan TV yang dapat menebarkan aroma dan lain-lain.
Ada yang berpendapat ramalan tersebut terlalu muluk-muluk, betul-betul sulit dipercaya. Namun coba kita kilas balik ke-30 tahun yang lampau, pada 1979 tatkala perusahaan Jepang, NET berhasil mengembangkan HP internet pertamanya di seluruh dunia, banyak orang masih mengira berjalan sambil berbicara di telepon adalah hal yang mustahil, tetapi bagi manusia zaman sekarang HP telah menjadi barang bawaan yang harus ada. Seiring dengan perkembangan iptek, siapa bilang impian tersebut tak dapat menjadi kenyataan? Harian Daily Mail Inggris dengan rinci menjelaskan “10 produk iptek besar masa depan” sebagai berikut:
1. Dinamo dari tubuh manusia
Nyaris setiap orang zaman sekarang memiliki HP, iPod dan alat elektronik lainnya, akan tetapi berbicara dengan HP dan mendengarkan iPod agak lama sedikit begitu baterai habis padahal kita sedang di luar, tentu tak dapat mengisi ulang, lantas bagaimana? Andaikan saja dari pergerakan tubuh manusia bisa setiap saat di-pergunakan untuk pembangkit listrik, betapa bagusnya hal itu! Kini ilmuwan di laboratorium sudah merealisir harapan tersebut. Wang Zhonglin seorang ilmuwan keturunan Tionghoa dari Politeknik Georgia, AS, menggunakan teknik Nano dan Piezoelectrik effect guna membangkitkan listrik. Dia berhasil membuat semacam pakaian serat fiber berdinamo dari bahan campuran serat logam super halus. Setiap kali fiber ditekan atau ditekuk, bisa menghasilkan aliran listrik. Yang disebut dengan Piezoelectrik effect adalah ketika materi tertentu tatkala menerima tekanan bisa menghasilkan listrik. Wang Zhonglin menggunakan benang nano yang dibuat dari Zinc Oxyd (seng oksida) dibungkus dengan seuntai serat tenun. Sewaktu orang mengenakan pakaian semacam ini, asalkan terhembus angin atau gerak sedikit saja sudah cukup membuat pakaian tersebut menghasilkan Listrik. Dewasa ini teknik tersebut masih dalam tahapan percobaan di laboratorium, menanti sesudah teknik semakin matang, maka orang-orang bisa setiap saat mencharge Hp ataupun iPodnya.
2. Alat pengintai tembus dinding
Di dalam dongeng dewa atau manusia super pasti memiliki daya pandang tembus, bisa melihat benda di balik dinding, melihat suasana di belakang dinding. Tetapi kini para ilmuwan menggunakan gelombang radio dan telah merealisir impian ini. Perusahaan konsultan iptek Cambridge – Inggris menggunakan gelombang radio yang memiliki keistimewaan bisa menembus benda padat, telah menciptakan sistem pengintai sinar X hanya sebesar tas kantor. Prism 200, nama peralatan ini bisa memancarkan semacam gelombang pulsa ultra wide band, bisa menembus dinding atau materi setebal 40 cm, mendeteksi segala gerakan dalam radius 15 meter, dapat membantu pihak kepolisian sewaktu dalam pengepungan penculik dan mampu mendeteksi posisi penyandera dan korban yang disandera di dalam ruangan. Peneliti Universitas Teknik Munich Jerman telah menciptakan semacam peralatan, yang meskipun tersekat oleh pintu, asalkan meluncurkan semacam gelombang radio antara 433 MHz dan 24.000 MHz, maka bisa mendeteksi pernafasan dan detak jantung dan gerakan minim dari balik pintu.
3. Memanjat dinding dan Qinggong (ilmu meringankan tubuh)
Spiderman di dalam film, mampu memanjat dinding dan berlompatan di atas atap gedung pencakar langit. Kini selingan di kala senggang ini sudah dipergunakan oleh ilmuwan dengan menggunakan semacam peralatan perekat kuat untuk merealisasi perlawanan terhadap gravitasi. Para ilmuwan memperoleh inspirasi ini dari prinsip anatomi kaki cecak. Cecak bisa merayap di dinding berkat mengandalkan 2 juta batang rambut pada setiap kakinya, yang menimbulkan listrik mikro elektrostatik dan membentuk sebuah daya rekat yang sangat kuat. Andre Geim, peneliti dari Universitas Manchaster, Inggris telah merencana semacam materi tiruan bulu cecak, hanya sebesar 1 cm2, dikenakan pada sarung tangan dan sepatu, dan bisa menopang bobot 1 kg.
Nicola Pugno, peneliti politeknik Universitas Turin Italia merangkap teknologi Nano, telah membuat satu pasang sarung tangan yang masing-masing mampu menahan bobot 10 kg. seiring dengan perbaikan teknis, impian indah masyarakat penggemar spiderman dapat menjadi sepertinya tak lama lagi bisa direalisir.
4. Insang buatan
Umat manusia bila meninggalkan oksigen maka tak mampu mempertahankan eksistensinya, sewaktu menyelam udara dimampatkan dari dalam tabung, kalau terpakai habis maka harus naik ke tepi, tak mampu seperti ikan duyung yang bisa hidup di daratan maupun menyelam di dasar laut. Namun begitu manusia dapat mencipta insang buatan, berkelana di istana Nyi Roro Kidul sudah bukan masalah lagi. Fuji Systems – Jepang membuat insang buatan dari membran silikon, udara bisa menembusnya tapi cairan tak dapat, bisa memfilter oksigen di dalam air, bersamaan itu membuang CO2, persis seperti insang ikan. Pada 2002, ada penyelam yang berhasil mengenakan insang buatan berada di dasar air selama 30 menit. Tetapi oleh karena di dalam air laut hanya terdapat 1,5% oksigen, sedangkan oksigen yang disiapkan insang buatan terlalu minim, tidak mencukupi kebutuhan nafas manusia. Ilmuwan Israel memakai baterai menggerakkan mesin sentrifugal berkecepatan tinggi, sesudah mengurangi tekanan air laut bisa membebaskan lebih banyak oksigen, tetapi bagi penyelam, walau tak perlu lagi membawa tabung oksigen, tetapi masih perlu menggendong aki dan alat pengukur pengurang tekanan.
5. Alat penterjemah langsung
Perusahaan SRI, AS, pernah mengembangkan sebuah software pengenal suara IraqComm dan penerjemahan kepada tentara pendudukan AS di Irak, di saat bicara bahasa Arab dan diarahkan ke mikrofon, komputer dengan segera menerjemahkannya ke bahasa Inggris dan melafalkan bahasa terjemahannya. Ilmuwan di Universitas Carnegie Mellon Pittsburg, AS, sedang membuat sistem serupa dinamakan Speechalator, bisa digunakan pada palm sized note book dan PDA. Meskipun dewasa ini daya perbendaharaan-katanya terbatas, namun bantuan komunikasi IraqComm bagi tentara AS dan orang Iraq sangat besar.
6. Mantel penyirna tubuh
Manusia dalam melihat suatu benda adalah karena benda tersebut telah menghalangi lewatnya gelombang cahaya. Jikalau pada benda tersebut diliputi satu lapis materi spesial yang mengandung Refractive index negative, secara teoritis bisa membuat cahaya tanpa hambatan meneruskan maju ke depan, dengan demikian benda tersebut secara visual sudah lenyap. Kini standar iptek belum bisa membuat orang menghilang tetapi sangat mungkin merencanakan sebuah mantel penyirna tubuh. Tahun yang lalu Universitas Duke, AS, menyatakan bisa membuat metamaterials yang bisa membelokkan cahaya, bahan penyirna semacam ini dibuat dari sejumlah besar bahan sintetis yang menyerupai fiber glass dan dibentuk dengan sistem susunan mendatar, bisa membalikkan gelombang elektromagnetik, dengan melalui mengubah sorotan cahaya untuk penyembunyikan benda. Dewasa ini peneliti dengan sukses memperluas area wilayah yang bisa menghadang gelombang cahaya, meningkatkan dengan tajam kemampuan menutupi benda. Metamaterials selain bisa dibuatkan mantel penyirna tubuh, juga bisa dipergunakan di optical fiber communication, dibuat speed fiber optic diperkirakan bisa meningkatkan minimal 10 kali lipat kecepatan on line dewasa ini.
7. Pesawat terbang pribadi
Pesawat terbang dipandang oleh banyak ilmuwan sebagai model iptek moderen. Tanpa pesawat, bisakah manusia terbang ke langit? Pada 1920 telah dikembangkan pesawat terbang pribadi, sampai tahun 60-an, ada yang merancang pesawat pribadi yang mampu terbang 30 detik. Hingga 2008, Martin Jetpack yang dirancang oleh perusahaan pesawat Martin, Selandia Baru, membuat pesawat pribadi tidak lagi bagian dari komik fiksi iptek. Martin Jetpack menyediakan dua starter Turbojet engine, digerakkan memakai bensin, satu gallon bensin cukup untuk 30 menit terbang, sekitar 50 km jauhnya. Selain itu pesawat dilengkapi juga dengan parasut, tak perlu takut jika mengalami kerusakan. Harga jual pesawat tersebut adalah US$ 100.000, diprediksi paling cepat semester kedua tahun ini sudah bisa dipasarkan.
8. Pesawat antariksa pribadi
Selain pesawat pribadi, ada orang yang ingin memiliki pesawat antariksa pribadi, setiap saat bisa melayang ke ruang angkasa untuk menikmati indahnya bulan dan bintang. Pada umumnya mahalnya pesawat antariksa ada pada bahan bakarnya. Biasanya meluncurkan satu kali roket, harus merogoh biaya BBM sebesar US$ 100 juta. Insinyur AS, Leik Myrabo ternyata memiliki ide baru yakni tanpa penggunaan BBM. Myrabo senantiasa berupaya pada penelitian gelombang mikro. Ia merencanakan penggunaan laser permukaan ditembakkan ke arah bagian dasar pesawat antariksa berbobot ringan, bisa menimbulkan Explosive plasma, sehingga melontarkan pesawat antariksa ke atas. Diprediksi pada 2025, modal dengan cara baru ini hanyalah 1/1000 daripada yang sekarang.
9. Alat terapi ultrasonic mini/jinjing
Di dalam cerita silat, orang yang berilmu tinggi bisa menyembuhkan orang lain dengan metode memancarkan tenaga dalam, karena di dalam Gong (energi hasil kultivasi)-nya terdapat materi berenergi tinggi, misalnya ultrasonik dan lain sebagainya. Kalangan kedokteran sudah jauh hari menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik guna pemeriksaan kondisi perempuan hamil, namun dewasa ini menggunakan ultrasonik untuk penyembuhan, juga telah menjadi cara operasi baru. Lawrence Crum, professor Universitas Washington, AS, yang telah sukses mengembangkan semacam peralatan terapi ultrasonik jinjing, melalui ultrasonik yang membebaskan ultrasonik berenergi rendah, kondisi pembuluh darah yang terluka oleh gelombang ultrasonik jikalau ditemukan pembuluh darah terdapat gejala berdarah, alat tersebut membebaskan lagi ultrasonik energi tinggi untuk menimbulkan panas tinggi dan memampatkan pembuluh darah. Ia tahun ini bisa melakukan uji klinis terhadap peralatan terapinya.
10. Bau sebagai pengontrol TV
Percayakah Anda? TV masa depan selain bersuara, berwarna, juga bisa beraroma. Otak manusia membagi aroma menjadi 30 lebih jenis, misalnya aroma kayu, aroma bunga, aroma rumput dan lain sebagainya.
Jauh pada akhir 1990 sudah ada perusahaan yang pada tahap awal berhasil meneliti teknik bebauan sintetis, mampu membuat hampir semua aroma yang ditemui setiap hari. Tetapi pada TV seiring dengan perubahan gambar, bagaimana mencegah aroma yang berbeda tidak tercampur dan berubah ke jenis aroma lainnya, serta bagaimana menangkal bau yang tak mau lenyap yang belum sinkron dengan gambar ditampilkan. Metode perusahaan Xin Li, Jepang ialah menghindari hidung, namun langsung menyerang bagian otak. Di dalam hak ciptanya, Xin Li menggunakan ultrasonik langsung merangsang bagian tertentu pada otak manusia, membuat penonton atau pemain toy mengira mengendus aroma tertentu. Namun teknik tersebut masih sangat primitif, jalan ke masa depan masih agak panjang. (Wen Hua/The Epoch Times/whs)

Penerimaan Masyarakat Babel Terhadap Iptek Nuklir/PLTN

2011-11-08T11:07:00.000+07:00

Telah Dilakukan Jajak Pendapat Iptek Nuklir Masyarakat Propinsi Bangka Belitung Untuk Mengukur Tingkat Penerimaan Masyarakat Terhadap Iptek Nuklir/Pltn. Sebaran Responden Berjumlah 500 Orang Meliputi 7 Kota/Kabupaten Di Propinsi Bangka Belitung. Teknik Penarikan Sampel Menggunakan Kombinasi Penarikan Acak Bertingkat (Multistage Sampling) Dan Acak Sederhana (Simple Random Sampling). Teknik Ini Digunakan Agar Variabilitas Dan Probabilitas Terwakili Sama Dalam Penarikan Sampel Point (Desa) Dan Responden. Unit Sampling Terkecil Dalam Jajak Pendapat Ini Adalah Desa Yang Dibedakan Berdasarkan Kategori Urban Rural. Berdasarkan Jajak Tersebut Diketahui Bahwa 35,0% Masyarakat Bangka Belitung Dapat Menerima Rencana Pembangunan Pltn Di Wilayah Mereka Dengan Alasan Diperlukannya Kestabilan Suplai Energi. Sebanyak 31, 6% Menolak Terhadap Rencana Pembangunan Pltn Karena Khawatir Akan Adanya Kecelakaan/Kebocoran Reaktor Nuklir, Sedangkan 33,4% Sisanya Memilih Untuk Bersikap Tidak Tahu (Abstain). Dari Jajak Tersebut Juga Terungkap Bahwa Sebagian Besar (59.2%) Wilayah Di Bangka Belitung Sering Terjadi Pemadaman Listrik. Sedangkan Terkait Kegiatan Sosialisasi Iptek Nuklir/Pltn, Sebagian Besar Responden (98,2%) Menyatakan Belum Pernah Mengikuti Kegiatan Sosialisasi Iptek Nuklir/Pltn. Hasil Jajak Pendapat Tersebut Diharapkan Dapat Memberikan Masukan Dan Rekomendasi Terhadap Kegiatan Diseminasi Iptek Nuklir, Baik Yang Bersifat Edukasi Publik, Informasi Publik, Maupun Pemanfaatan Hasil Litbangyasa Iptek Nuklir Di Masyarakat. Kata Kunci : Jajak, Bangka Belitung, Pltn. (infonuklir.com)

Analisa Unsur Radioaktivitas Udara Buang Pada Cerobong IRM Menggunakan Spektrometer Gamma

2011-11-03T12:08:00.000+07:00

Telah dilakukan analisis unsur radioaktif pada cerobong IRM menggunakan Spektrometer Gamma dengan tujuan agar lepasan udara yang mengandung zat radioaktif yang dapat membahayakan manusia dan lingkungan dapat dipantau. Pemantauan lepasan radioaktif ke udara dilakukan dengan menganalisis unsur radioaktivitas udara buang cerobong IRM menggunakan alat spektrometer gamma.
Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pada sampling cuplikan udara ini tidak ada zat radioaktif yang terlepas ke lingkungan.karena hasil cacah sampling yg diperoleh dibandingkan dengan hasil cacahan latar tidak begitu jauh berbeda, sehingga dapat diabaikan. Analisis radioaktivitas dari pengukuran cuplikan udara buang pada cerobong IRM menggunakan spektrometer gamma ini dapat diterima dengan nilai akurasi pengukuran isotop Cs-137 sebesar 99.393%. By. Nobiarty, Sudaryati, Susanto; Pusat Teknologi Bahan Bakar Nuklir-Batan

Radiasi Dosis Pembatas Untuk Pekerja Radiasi Di Instalasi Elemen Bakar Eksperimental

2011-11-03T11:10:00.000+07:00

Prediksi Dosis Pembatas Untuk Pekerja Radiasi Di Instalasi Elemen Bakar Eksperimental (IEBE), telah dilakukan. Nilai Batas Dosis (NBD) berdasarkan SK. Kepala BAPETEN Nomor.01/Ka.BAPETEN/V-1999, tentang Dosis Ekivalen Seluruh Tubuh (DEST) ditentukan sebesar 50 mSv/tahun. Tujuan dari prediksi dosis pembatas (dose constraint) untuk meningkatkan keselamatan bagi pekerja radiasi.

DEST pekerja radiasi ini adalah jumlah dari dosis interna dan eksterna yang diterima dalam satu tahun dan tidak termasuk dosis medik. Prediksi dosis pembatas ini berdasarkan NBD dari International Commission On Radiological Protection International 60 (ICRP 60). Metode yang dipakai untuk prediksi dosis pembatas dengan mengevaluasi data DEST yang diterima oleh pekerja radiasi di IEBE dari tahun 1991 sampai 2009. Dari data DEST yang diterima oleh pekerja radiasi di IEBE diambil DEST tertinggi dan DEST rerata. Prediksi dosis medik yang diterima pekerja radiasi dalam waktu satu tahun juga diperhitungkan.Total prediksi DEST yang diterima oleh pekerja radiasi di IEBE sebesar 2,17mSv.tahun. Apabila dosis pembatas untuk pekerja radiasi di IEBE ditetapkan 50% dari ketentuan ICRP 60 atau sebesar 10mSv./tahun, maka dapat disimpulkan bawha dosis pembatas tersebut dapat diberlakukan di IEBE. Kata kunci; dosis pembatas, nilai batas dosis, prediksi dosis. By; Suliyanto, Budi Prayitno; Pusat Teknologi Bahan Bakar Nuklir-Batan.

Energi Nuklir Adalah Jawaban Untuk Mengatasi Kekurangan Energi Dan Pemanasan Global

2011-11-02T11:13:00.000+07:00

Makalah energi nuklir adalah jawaban untuk mengatasi kekurangan energi dan pemanasan global ini, didasarkanpada analisis kebutuhan enegi yang terus meningkat, sedangkan cadangan sumber energi terbatas dan makin sedikit. Di dunia kebanyakan energi diperoleh dari bahan bakar fosil, terutama minyak dan batubara.
Pemakaina bahan bakar fosil dan kegiatan industri menghasilkan gas penyebab efek rumah kaca (COx, CH4+ N2O dan CFC) yang menimbulkan pemanasan global. Semua negara di dunia memerlukan kepastian tersedianya energi, akan tetapi cadangan sumber daya energi terbatas dan cadangannya makin berkurang. Untuk mengatasinya harus dipilih sumber daya energi yang tidak menghasilkan gas penyebab timbulnya efek rumah kaca. Mengapa energi nuklir yang dipilih untuk mengatasi kekurangan energi dan pemanasan global, akan diuraikan secara garis besar dalam makalah ini...by; Wisnu Arya Wardhana; Polytechnic Institute Of Nuclear Technology National Nuclear Energy Agency Yogyakarta

Aplikasi Radioisotop Untuk Tes Sidik Jari DNA

2011-11-02T10:27:00.001+07:00

Sejalan dengan pesatnya perkembangan bioteknologi dewasa ini, penggunaan isotop radioaktif dalam bidang biologi dan kedokteran semakin luas, salah satu penggunaan yang cukup menarik adalah untuk melacak rantai DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
DNA tidak lain merupakan polimer fragmen-fragmen mononukleotida, yang terdapat pada setiap organisme hidup. Senyawa biopolimer ini berfungsi dalam mekanisme molekuler, yaitu menyimpan, mereplikasi dan menetranskripsi informasi genetika. Oleh sebab itu, pelacakan rantai DNA dapat memberikan banyak informasi yang berkaitan dengan petunjuk keturunan, sehingga merupakan metode baru yang dapat dipercaya antara lain untuk menyingkap tabir hubungan kekeluargaan, serta memecahkan berbagai masalah dibidang biologi dan kedokteran. Pelacakan garis keturunan atau kesamaan gen, dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan fragamen-fragamen DNA yang spesifik, sehingga fragamen DNA ini lazim disebut sidik jari DNA. Untuk pelacakan tersebut, sidik jari DNA diperoleh melalui teknik DNA probing yang menggunakan isotop radioaktif. by. Rochestri Sofyan; Pusat Pengkajian Teknologi Nuklir-Batan

Basic Calculation Of Thermodynamic In Steam Turbine Capacity 3600KW

2011-10-27T11:40:00.000+07:00

Basic calculation of thermodynamic in steam turbine has done. Basic calculation of thermodynamic for determine thermodynamic that happened on each stage impuls turbine.
From this basic calculation can be known the total of steam on the turbine and diameter average on moving blade for fourth stage turbine. Key words: steam turbine, blade. By. Syamsurrijal Ramdja; PRPN-Batan

Measuring Tools Test Design Of Gas Emission

2011-10-27T11:33:00.001+07:00

Air condition we are now poluted result produced by motor vehicles. Air is a very important element of profit to maintain human life, animals, and plants where it is needed to keep the air can sustain life.
The air is inhaled by a creature known as the ambient air quality is essential that quality be maintained, so that could be utilized in accordance with its function. To maintain the air quality needs to be designed to measure emissions test. This design consists of sensors, Nidaq, PC and the circuit. By. Gunawan Prayitno, Firman Silitonga; Pusat Rekayasa Perangkat Nuklir-Batan

Design For Suction Ozone Ventilator

2011-10-27T11:19:00.000+07:00

The process of irradiation with gamma rays on agricultural products can rise to ozone. Ozone is harmful to the environment because the smell is strong. Ozone must be removed from the room by force of radiation, for it required a tool that can suck to be discharged into the atmosphere.
Tool used to suck the ozone is a ventilator. For that we need a ventilator designed with the ability to move ozone from the room radiation into the environment. The design is based on the calculation of the radiation room capacity of 336m3 and must be issued within 5 minutes. Keywords: Ventilator, Ozone, Irradiate. By Sanda; Pusat Rekayasa Perangkat Nuklir-Batan

Calculation Of Pressure Drop In Suction Compressor

2011-10-27T11:09:00.000+07:00

Abstract
Failure of flow a fluid from a equipment to other equipment often happen caused by significant pressure drop. To ascertain pressure ability flow of fluid in piping system necessary done calculation preassure drop earlier in engineering,
because pressure drop that calculated to make base generate of pipe routing correctly is connects from nozzle of vessel to nozzle of suction compressor. Keyword: Pressure Drop. By. Achmad Chamsudi; PRPN-Batan

Design Couch Spect Gamma Camera

2011-10-27T11:02:00.000+07:00

Abstact
Design has been cariied out spect gamma camera. This plan aims to complement the patient's bed gamma camera of fiber glass materials. Method of making fiber by fiber glass casting.
The shape of the bed made curved in the middle to add strength. From the result of design gain is expected to be on the couch spect gamma camera is made of fiber glass. Keywords: couch spect gamma camera, fiber glass. By: Hendra Prihatnadi, Kristiyanti; Pusat Rekayasa Perangkat Nuklir-Batan

Determination Of Pipe Support Spans In Nuclear Facility Piping System

2011-10-27T10:48:00.001+07:00

Abstract
Structural integrity of the pipeline system on the installation of nuclear power plant is a construction system of large and complex. This piping system must be able to withstand all loads that work well static and dynamic loads.
The ability of piping system to withstand the loading of work so as not to cause the failure known as a piping system Flexibility. The location and span of supports must be determined first before analysing. By optimizing the span of supports will save construction costs. The equation for calculating the maximum span based on the ASME B31.1 will be descibed in this paper. Keyword: nuclear power, support, span. By: Budi Santoso; Pusat Rekayasa Perangkat Nuklir-Batan

Operation Aspek Of The Main Control Room Of NPP

2011-10-27T10:17:00.000+07:00

Abstract

The main control room of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is operational centre to control all of the operation activity of NPP. NPP must be operated carefully and safety. Many aspect that contributed to operation of NPP, such as man power whose operated, technology type used, ergonomic of main control room, operational management, etc.
The disturbances of communication in control room must be anticipated so the high availability of NPP can be achieved. The ergonomic of the NPP control room that will be used in Indonesia must be designed suitable to anthropometric of Indonesia society. Key words: Control room, safety, availability, management. By: Sahala M. Lumbanraja; Pusat Pengembangan Energi Nuklir (PPEN-Batan) Email: Sahalal@batan.go.id

Techno-Economic Assesment Of APWR-Mitsubishi

2011-10-27T10:07:00.000+07:00

Abstract
APWR- is a third generation of pressurizel water reactor type developed by Westinghouse with a light water as coolant. This type of NPP is developed base on a very simple operation and maintenance principle, high safety. more environmentally friendly, high reability, and more economic.
Further study on several type of NPP is needed to support the government program on constructing the NPP. This paper will discuss the technologi of APWR-Mitsubishi to help providing the technologi data which required on tender process. From result of assesment concluded that APWR-Mitsubishi more better than PWR conventional. Key words: APWR-Mitsubishi, reactor, reability, enviroment. By. Bandi Parapak, Sahala M.Lumbanraja; Pusat Pengembangan Energi Nuklir (PPEN-Batan) Email: parapakb@yahoo.com, sahalal@batan.go.id

Integration Of The Radiation Dose Monitoring System Into The Integration Environment Monitoring System At The PPTN Serpong Meteorology Station

2011-10-26T10:08:00.000+07:00

Integration of the radiation dose monitoring system into the integration environment monitoring system at the PPTN Serpong meteorology station have been done. After has functioned the monitoring system for non radioactive parameter at the meteorology station, where has gotten the environment data on real time in the matter of existence of the Serpong nuclear facilities area, accordingly the radiation dose monitoring is necessary to integrated on the existing system.
The remote station of radiation dose monitoring is a mobile station with the transmission media to meteorology station has not obstructed by building or construction that be at the Serpong nuclear facilities area. The dummy testing has produced a system that can integrated pass through the interface system that has designed and compatible to the existing system. (by; Arief Goeritno; Radioactive Waste Management Development Centre-Batan)

Strontium-90 In Surface Soil At Serpong Nuclear Site

2011-10-26T09:27:00.000+07:00

The investigation of 90 Sr concentration in surface soil at Serpong nuclear site (on-site) and Gunung Sindur area (off-site) was carried out. The soil sample was taken in 4 locations at Serpong site and 1 location in Gunung Sindur area. The sampling of90Sr in the soil was done in each 5 cm deoth from the surface until 25 cm. The 90Sr was analysed with leaching process and counted by Low Background a/b counter.
The results indicated that 90Sr concentration in Serpong site almost the same with the concentration in Gunung Sindur area. The 90Sr consentration in Serpong site was compared to the concentration of 90Sr in Antartica and Japan, the results showed that the concentrations in Serpong more lower significantly. This informations indicated that the 90Sr consentration in Serpong site dominantly coming from fallout, the contribution from nuclear activities that was happen science 1987 in Serpong site unsignificant. (by; Erwansyah Lubis, Cerdas Tarigan, Agus Gindo S.;Radioactive Wase Management Development Center-Batan)

Perhitungan Volume Tampungan Air Hujan Optimal Melalui Atap Bangunan Guna Mengatasi Kekurangan Air Bersih

2011-10-26T08:58:00.000+07:00

Indonesia has abundant of water from rainfall as indicated by a range of annual rainfall of 1400-5000 mm in comparison with Holland (750 mm), Iraq (200 mm). However, its potential evapotranspiration rates are very high in the range of 800 mm (in mountain regions)to 1300 mm (in very dry areas) in comparison to Holland (400 mm) but almost the same with Iraq. Since actual evapotranspiration depends very much on availabel of water to be transfered into vapour, consequently P-Eact for Indonesia on annual basis (example figures from upper Citarum river Basin)
is 2514-1258 mm=1256 mm, and for Holland is 350 mm and for Iraq is almost 0 mm. Study on theses facts, in case the actual evapotranspiration can be deleted from calculation by any means then more water can be conserved for full utilization by man. On regional basis it is impossible to do it, however, on small scale such haousehold scale this thing almost can be done. Water from rainfall is collected through gutter then flows into a reservoir which is completely to be closed for one reason to another. Losses due to evaporation which depends on the type of rooftop of buildings is very small and consequently can be neglected in the calculation. Additionally, simple water treatment can be done as well such as by constructing artificial aquifer before water entering this reservoir. This report mainly will stress on how to calculate optimal volume of resevoir to be needed to collect water from rainfall on the basis of giving optimal supply of water to fullfill demands. Any calculation for different rates of demand lasser than the optimal one can be elaborated as well whenever necessary to meet this specific purpose, however, as a trade off the volume of reservoir needed becomes bigger and more expensive. (oleh; Bambang Sonarto*, Wawan Herawan*/Peneliti Puslitbang Pengairan)

The right to die: Its biomedical aspects

2009-12-21T09:17:00.000+07:00

This article discussed the existence or non-existence of the right to die. Death has various facets, namely the biomedical,social,historical, moral and religious. Man has the right to live or not to be killed, but not the reciprocal right to die or to kill, although in borderline cases this is debatable. The right to die is executed by way of suicide and voluntary euthanasia. Suicide is committed due to hopelessness, shame or guilt feeling, terminal illness, loyalty to a dead person, and for political reasons. It can be performed by an individual, a pair (suicide pact), a family, a group or en masse. The medical profession should prevent all suicidal attempts and help the surviving victim, since it is its duty to prolong life and ameliorate suffering. Euthanasia is either positive or negative (not infrequently, and inaccurately, termed active or passive), voluntary or involuntary, direct orindirect, and by not implementing extraordinary or ordinary procedures in life saving. Reasons are put forward why euthanasia is condonded or condemned. The moral difference between the two forms of euthanasia are questioned by some serious ethicists. Contitions for negative euthanasia are presented if it is performed selectively, for which the demand is unfortunately real. key Words: righ to die-euthanasia-suicide-patient rights-bioethics.T. Jacob; Laboratorium Boianthropologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta

The genetics of diabetes millitus

2009-12-21T09:14:00.000+07:00

It is now clear that diabetes millitus is not a disease in classical sense but is genetically heterogeous froup of disorders whitch share glucose intolerance in common. Genetic heterogeity, the concept that diabetes can have many different causes, was first suggested by the existence of rare genetic syndomes with diabetes, etnic differences of clinical features, and genetic heterogeneity in animal models. This paper describes the background for genetic heterogeneity of diabetes mellitus which has major implications for the research and care of diabetic patients since the precise etiology, risk of complications and genetic counselling are likely to vary among these diggerent disorder that result in diabetes. Key words: diabetes mellitus-genetic heterogeneity-model of inheritance-genetic counselling-autoimmune process. Amhad H. Asdie;Laboratorium/Unit Pelayanan Fungsional Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Jurusan Kedokteran Medik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada/Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Sardjito, Yokyakarta

Sustainable Decentralized Rural Electrification : Perspectives With Special Reference To Indonesia

2009-12-21T09:02:00.000+07:00

(Paper presented at the International Seminar for Sustainable Decentralized Rural Electrification, organized by the Agence de I'Environment et de la Maitrise de I'Energie, Paris, France, in Marrakech, Marocco, 13-17 November 1995.

As rural electrification concerns populations with lower income and dispersed over the country's territory with low demand, the costs are often higher than the revenues expected from the sales of elctricity, at least during the initial years. However, introducing rural electricity, also to isolated areas, is in the interest of many:households in need of a better standard of living, goverments striving to reach a proper economic balance between urban and rural areas and hence also to steam rural exodus, and international communities wishing to avoid global imbalances in population and wealth. In 1994 the total number of villages in Indonesia amounted to 60,344 of which electricity;according to the current plan a village electrifivation ratio of 100 percent will be reached in 2004. Due to Indonesia's geographic characteristics as an archipelago, not all villages will be connected to a grid, and about 2,800 villages will have to be electrified by decentralized systems. An attempt in made to look at some issues concerning sustainable decentralized rural electrification, involving socio-economic impacts, environmental concers, financial and organizational problems and also experience with a few decentralized rural electrification schemes. by. Abdul Kadir; Professor, University of Indonesia, Jakarta.

Cacing Endoparasit pada saluran pencernaan tikus (Rattus spp) dari daerah Jatiwaringin Pondok Gede Bekasi

2009-12-21T08:54:00.001+07:00

A study on helminthhic parasites of the intestines of Rattus spp. was conducte in an are Jatiwaringin Pondok Gede Bekasi. Among 50 rats, trapped during the moth January until May 1994, 3 Cestode species (Raillietina sp., Hymenolepis diminuta and Taenia taeniaeformis), 1 Phasmidia species (Nippostrongylus braziliensis) and I Acanthocephala species (Moniliformis dubius) were found. Four species of Rattus were identified as Rattus diardi, R. norvegicius, R. argentiventer and R. tiomanicus. Sumtro Sunityoso; Jurusan Biologi FMIPA-UI, Depok

THE FUNCTIONING TEST COMISSIONING OF THE SPONGE BALL SEPARATOR OF Ji~SG-GASHEAT EXHANGER MECHANICAL CLEANING SYSTEM PAH 01 AT 01.

2009-12-09T13:26:00.000+07:00

To know the characteristic of the sponge ball separator of RSG-GAS heat exchanger mechanical cleaning system PAH 01 AT 01, the function test of the system has been done in Multi Purpose Reactor-GA Siwabessy in Serpong. The commisioning has done include comissioning procedure preperation of the sponge ball separator of RSG-GAS heat exchanger mechanical cleaning system PAH 01 AT 01 and sponge ball captures capability. From the captured has done the result found 45 pl~aces of 50 peaces of sponge balls inserted. By comparing of the separation result with the minimum allowable separation limits, the characteristic of the sponge balls separator of RSG-GAS heat exchanger mechanical cleaning system PAH 01 AT 01 is accordance with the design criteria.Djaruddin Hasibuan, Aep Saepudin C, Santosa Pujiarta, Makmuri PRSG-BATAN, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Serpong, Tangerang. Key word: comissioning, sponge ball.

FABRICA TION OF FLANGE WINDOW FOR LA TEX INDUSTRY ELECTRON BEAM

2009-12-09T13:18:00.000+07:00

Fabrication of flange window foff latex industry electron beam machine has been done. VWndowof Electron Beam Machine has function to pass through electron beam from the machine to the atmosphere. Since the inner of the machine is in a high vacuum condition, the window has to hold the atmospheric pressure and pass through electron beam with a little hindrance, so the energy lost can be minimized. Because of the window function, the flange is needed to stack on in the scanning construction. Besides that, the flenge has function as a holder so that the window is able to hold the atmosphere pressure. For this purpose, fabrication of flange will be done to fit on the window in the scanning hom. The type of flange to be made is intermediation flange. The flange is made of stainless steel with 12 mm of thickness, 200 mm of width, and 700 mm of length. The fabrication is done in the Electromechanical Utility with the existing machine and equipment tools. Bambang Lusmiyanto, Setyo Atmojo, Tony Rahardjo, Suhartono Puslitbang Teknologi Maju - BATAN Yogyakarta

THE DESIGN OF OUTER CONTAINER FOR WASTE OF POST IRRADIATION EXAMINATlON.

2009-12-09T10:22:00.000+07:00

The design of outer container for waste of post irradiation examination was completely pattemed. This container uses to store waste of the rest of post irradiation examination, into pool of Interim Storage of Spent Fuel (ISSF). This paper only covers the outer container design. The design is refer to PIEF-KAERI container. The outer container material is SS-304 with cylindrical form of 5" Sch 40 pipe, 810 mm of length and total length (included lifting lug) is 864 mm, 31 kg of weight and 200 mm of flange diameter. The capacity is to accommodate one of the plates or Mo-target inner container. Antonio Gogo; Pusat Teknologi Bahan Bakar Nuklir-BATAN PUSPIPTEK Serpong Tangerang 15310. Keywords: Design, Outer Container, Waste of Post Irradiation Examination

TEMPERA TURE DISTRIBUTION ANAL YSIS FOR HEA TED ROD IN "HEA TlNG-01"

2009-12-09T10:05:00.003+07:00

TEST SECTION. The analysis of temperature distribution for heated rod in cylindrical from in heating-01 test section has been done. Analyzing done to know distribution of temperature and compares result of experiment and result of calculation numerik. Eksperiment was conducted with heat-up the heated rod until initial temperature 85(fC and cooling down by radiation until temperature 9(fC. While, three methods of numeric was used to predicted a temperature decrease in heated rod during cooling radiation. Result of simulation is obtained by distribution of temperature (in the form of tables and graph) applies method FTCS, BTCS, and Dufort Frankel with time processed cooling to reach environmental temperature in a real radiation quickly, that is less than 22 seconds (maximum 21,6 seconds). From graph of comparison shows that the pattern of temperature decreasing was occurred in exponentiallly, both for experiment result and numerical result. Ainur Rosidi, M. Juarsa Pusat Teknologi Reaktor dan Keselamatan Nuklir. BATAN; Mohamad Riyadi Program Studi Matematika Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Keyword: heat distribution, annulus, Finite Difference Method

Alocation Design For Facts Device On Jawa-Bali Interconnected Power System Using Genetic Algorithm With Mutation

2009-12-09T09:54:00.000+07:00

This paper presents an application of Genetic Algorithm (GA) with Mutation Improvement to design an optimal location of a FACTS device in an interconnected power system. The parameters of system that consist of loading system and power losses are analyzed as a case study. The FACTS device represents on the linear model as the dynamics solution problems. The system parameters are modeled on chromosomes forms of GA with mutation improvement to calculate an objective function of quadratic solution. Parameter of FACTS tuned by a Conventional GA (CGA) is also implemented on multimachine system via simulation Comparison between application of CGA and GA with mutation improvement is demonstrated here. The results show that application of GA with mutation improvement in the optimal location design for FACTS device can significantly improves the performances of power system losses and its voltage. Keywords:New GA Approach, Power System Dynamics, and Control. Imam Robandi* Jurusan Teknik Elektro,FTI ITS; Jl.Arief Rahman Hakim, Surabaya(60111); E-mail:robandi@ee.its.ac.id

Abstraction, not just mathematics, has its place in science as it does in art

2009-12-08T20:23:00.000+07:00

Abstract Science?
Analysis as the Path to Abstraction
Mark Rothko paintingClick to Enlarge ImageA characteristic modus operandi in abstract art, from Russian constructivist times, has been the concentration on one or another component of the artistic whole. Issues of form—the center or the periphery, inclusion or exclusion, see-through or opaque, balance, color—are isolated. Ad Reinhardt’s beautiful all-red and all-black paintings are a fine example of this concentration. The contemplative process here can lead to an exploration of the emotional possibilities of just that formal element. One sees this motif at work in Klee’s abstract paintings, or in Rothko’s color fields (right). Roberto Bertoia, a colleague at Cornell, works out beautifully in small wood constructions the feelings of confinement, protection and communication (below right).
Robert Bertoia sculptureClick to Enlarge ImageOf course, science, from its Cartesian roots, has operated in just this way. If you want to understand something, take it apart, see how the pieces work, put it together (although too few people like to put things together …). Change only one variable at a time, if you can. If you want to see how a chemical reaction proceeds, write a mechanism, a sequence of elementary steps. Once the mechanism is recognized, have research programs develop on the pieces and extend the work. Taking things apart, as science does, is a move shared with abstract art. Roald Hoffmann.
(www.americanscientist.org)

The Molecular Basis of Size Differences

2009-12-08T20:18:00.001+07:00

Size differences account for a great deal of the diversity found in the animal kingdom, but we still have much to learn about how sizes are programmed. Generally, the cells of different animals are comparable in size, and all animals begin as a single cell. This leaves the number of cells accumulated as the main determinant of animal size. We can reasonably expect the genes controlling cell number to be conserved among animals. So it seems that size-determining genes must be deployed in the elephant in such a way that it amasses several hundred thousand times more cells than the mouse. Which are these genes and how do they control size? I asked this question in a more experimentally tractable context: How do body parts of a single animal become different sizes? Fingers, toes, and ribs are sets of structures whose members are similar in form but differ in size. Although we know that Hox transcription factors specify the identity of individual fingers, toes, and ribs, little is known about how their individual sizes are programmed. Michael A. Crickmore.
Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
E-mail: mcrickmore@rockefeller.edu

Abstraction, not just mathematics, has its place in science as it does in art

2009-12-08T20:14:00.002+07:00

Abstract Science?

a Japanese bottleClick to Enlarge ImageIs there an analogue in science to abstract art? A riposte might be, “Why should there be? Why ask science, so strongly tied to reality, to mimic the aesthetic games of the world of art?” Well, both art and science are created by human beings, and both are creative endeavors. So it might be interesting to look at any correspondences. No one-to-one mappings will be found, but let’s relax that criterion and search for non-literal, imaginative analogies. Roald H.offmann.
(www.americanscientist.org)

PERBANDINGAN DAY A IMUNISASI VAKSIN KUMAN ......

2009-08-06T09:12:00.002+07:00

TUBERCULOSIS YANG DIMA TlKAN DENGAN PENYINARAN GAMMA DAN BCG PADA MARMOT YANG DIJANGKITI TUBERCULOSIS SECARA EKSPERIMENTIL *)Penyelidikan ini sebagian dibiayai 01eh Departemen Urusan Research Nasional. The immunizing effects of living BCG voccine, heat_killed tubercle bacilli, gamma_irradiated tubercle bacilli and living Mycobacterium smegmatis, have been investigated by comparing the degree of tuberculin allergy and the median survival time after chellenge infection in guinea pigs, 91% of the BCG_vaccinated guinea pigs developed strongly (mean size ¢ 3.64 mm) positive tuberculin reactions prior to infection, while 79% and 81% of the guinea pigs which received the heat_killed and the gamma irradiated tubercle bacilli gave smaller positive tub~rculin reactions. So did 57% of the animals receiving M.smegmatis. The median survival time of the BCG_vaccinated group and the group receiving gamma_irradiated vaccine was 73.0 days and 65.7 days as compared with 57.8 days in the group receiving heat_killed tubercle bacilli, 59.3 days in the M.smegmatis. inoculated group and 51.0 days in the unvaccinated control group. It seemed that the size of the tuberculin reaction prior to infection correlated with the degree of immunity induced by vaccination in guinea pigs. TAN THIAM HOK dan THE KIE SENG Bagian Mikrobiologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia dan F. SUHADI Pusat Penelitian Pasar Jum'at, Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional.

PENGARUH SINAR GAMMA TERHADAP MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS DAN MYCOBACTERIUM MARIANUM

2009-08-06T09:10:00.000+07:00

The effect of gamma_rays upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium rnarianum was investigated. The bacteria were irradiated with ± 10.000 r to ± 100.000 r. Irradiations of Mycobacterium and Mycobacterium marianum with gamma_rays did alter neither the mor_phology, the biochemical properties nor the resistence to Streptomycin, PAS and Isoniazid. Mycobacterium marianum showed to be more resistent to gamma_rays than Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Higher doses of irradiation of the arganism resulted in the later and fewer appearance of the colonies on Lowenstein_Jensen medium. 4 days old culture of tubercle bacilli on Lowenstein_Jensen seemed to be killed by irradiation with ± 70.000 r. Irradiation of suspended Mycobacterium tuberculosis with ± 30 .000 r did not inhibit the growth of the tubercle bacilli on Lowenstein_Jensen medium if cultured directly after irradia_tion. On the other hand, culturing the bacillary suspension 5 days after irradiation with ± 30.000r on Lowenstein_Jensen medium no growth would be seen. 4 days' old culture or suspension of Mycobacterium marianum was not inhibited in its growth by irradiation with ± 100.000 r. Irradiation with ± 90.000 r of a bacillary suspension of Mycobacterium marianum cultured 5 days later failed to show growth on Lowenstein_Jensen medium. The morphology, biochemical activities and resistance to Streptomycin, PAS and Isoniazid of the first to the fifth generation of M. tuberculosis and M. marianum irradiated by gamma rays remained unchanged as found in the parent strain. TAN THIAM HOK dan F. SUHADI; Bagian Mikrobiologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia dan Pusat Penelitian Pasar Jum'at, Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional.

PENENTUAN KADAR ARSEN DALAM BERMACAM-MACAM TONIKUM DENGAN CARA ANALISA PENGAKTIPAN NETRON

2009-08-06T09:06:00.000+07:00

A method had been worked out for the determinotion of arsenic in tonics using the neutron radioactivation analysis technique. After irradiating the sample and the standard in a reactor with a flux of 1012 n/cm2/sec for two hours, it is extracted in dilute NaOH solution with heating to transform the arsenic into the soluble sodium arsenite and filtered. After adding arsenic_carrier and dilute HCI to make the pH ±. 3, the arsenic is precipitated as As2S3 by H2S. The precipitate is weighed after washing with acetone and drying under an I.R. lamp, and the activity is analysed using a single channel gamma scintillation spectro_meter in which a solid, 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 inch, Nal (Thallium activated) crystal served as the detector. The presence of Mn and Cu makes the anal ysis for arseni c rather high and in this case a further radiochemi cal separation has to be done. HITLER NATASUWARNA. POEY SENG BOUW dan DJALI AHIMSA *)laboratori um Rodiopharmacy, Pusat Reaktor Atom Bandung. Penyelidikan ini dibantu dengan grant dari DURENAS.

PENGUKURAN GEOLISTRIK

2009-08-06T08:59:00.001+07:00

Geoelectrical Measurements
Geoelectrical measurements obtain earth electrical condictivitY which gives information on subsurface structure. This method is suitable for horizontal-layering structure and is used as depth probe down to about 3000 meter. Interpretation of field data is done either directly or indirectly. The indirect method, based on curve matching, is used especially as a preliminary interpretation because it can be done relatively fast. A graphical plot between apparent resistivities and half current electrode distances is made from field data. Several field measurements have been made using the 4 - electrode configuration, either Schlumberger or Wenner. Amm H. Nazif

PENGUKURAN-PENGUKURAN LlSTRIK DARI FILM MONTMORILLONITE

2009-08-06T08:46:00.002+07:00

"Electrical Measurements at Montrnorilionite Films"Montmorillonite ( a clay) films dl!posited on pure titanium have been shown to give . high protection against oxidation at high temperatures. The structural investigations and the preparations of the films are reviewed briefly. The DC current-voltage characteristic measurements for several different temperatures were done to determine the activation energy of conduction and the basic transport prosess at the material. And AC conductance and capitance meaSurements over the audio fre-quency range (100Hz - 20 KHz) at room temperature were needed to determine the dielectric constant and AC conductivitY characteristics. The Poole-Frenkel effect ob-served in the material in the high field is also discussed. Zainul Astamar Tanisan

THE USE OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE

2009-08-06T08:27:00.004+07:00

Radioisotope techniques, to the naive, may represent a miracle in scientific research the answer to all investigational difficulties. On the other hand, to the cynic they may be considered as a fad which creates more problems than it solves. The truth seems to be somewhere between the two extremes. The real importance of these techniques are recognized by workers who are well grounded in their fields and who have been involved in the application of these techniques. They are able to recognize the important problems in their own fields, are familiar with the experimental material, and should be able to interpret results of their experiments. Nevertheless, it is only fair to recognize the many difficulties in handling, obtaining and storing radioisotopes. This paper is a brief discussion of some of the fundamentals of this research tool which has developed in recent years and some of its applications in plant research. It may give some ideas as to the possibilities of this technique in attacking some of the problems in agriculture in general and in plant research in particular. A brief review of some chemical and physical concepts familiar to all may be of some interest. All matter is composed of discrete particles, atoms, of the elements, or of larger particles, molecules, made up of combinations of these elementary atoms. Further, that "isotopes" are atoms of an element having the same chemical properties as all other atoms of the same element but differing slightly in weight. In nature a few of these isotopes are radioactive that is they are unstable and spontaneously charge into atoms of another (or the same) element with radiation of energy in the form-gamma rays, or alpha or beta particles. With the advent of controlled nuclear reactions, it has become possible to produce radioactive isotopes which do not occur in nature, by the exposure of selected elements to neutrons. Limited quantities of such "synthetic" elements had been produced earlier by the bombard-ment of specific target materials by other particles such as protons or alpha particles but the yields were small and the operation expensive. These atoms have some readily recognized characteristics: The radiator given off by, and the time required for disintegration of, the unstable atoms is characteristic of the particular isotope. For example, P32, the important radioisotope of phosphorus, emits only beta particles with a maximum energy of 1.69 Mev and decays at a rate such that onehalf of the initial quantity remains after 14.3 days and each succeeding 14,3 days interval reduces the amount remaining by 50% (a "halfIife" of 14.3 days) while the isotope of, S35 gives off betas of only 1/10 the energy and has a half life of 87.1 days. C14, particularly useful in the study of biological systems, has a half life of 5568 years; emitting beta particlesof 0.155 Mev. The alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays emitted by the disintegrating atoms are "ionizing radiations", that is they have the common ability to produce electrons and positive ions in matter through which they pass. These pairs of oppositely charged ions are formed at the expence of energy loss from incident radiation. Instruments for the detection and measurement of ionization are extremely sensitive, the entrance of a single alpha particle into the "sensitive volume" of a modern counter can be readily detected. Since the radiation arising from the decay of radioactive atoms permits the detection of individual decaying atoms of individual decaying atoms of the element, it is possible to make quantitative measurements of extremely small quantities. For example, with good counting methods one can conveniently measure 2 X 10 - 11 brams of radioactive carbon. This extreme sensitivity of detection combined with the circumstance that the radio-active elements behave in chemical or biological systems as do their inactive counterparts, provide a technique for obtaining data hitherto an attainble and of unusual scope, the "Tracer" Technique". We can now get answers to such questions as: What proportion of a nutrient added to the soil is utilized by the crop? Is a hormone or growth regulator localized or widely translocated? And, more important perhaps, we have a means of making essentially direct observation on the fundamental or basic reactions of biological systems. by: Prof. Dr. Aly M. Lasheen;Guru besar Plant Physiology Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Indonesia Bogor.

SOME ABOUT absorption experiment RADIO-PHOSPHORUS BY AND VIGNA sinensis The impact on APHIS FABAE OF LIFE Parasites IS ON THE PLANTATION

2009-03-23T14:41:00.000+07:00

In doing this experiment percabaan-affected by our experimental BJORLING (l) is an experiment about Vida faba and Aphis fabae Scop Principally, let Vida faba absorbing solution P-32 and kept alive over Aphis plants. Experiments following this complete research BJORLING (l) above, and include some of the experiment. MOH. AMIR B. Sc.;Seksi Entomologi, Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gajah Mada Yogyakarta

POSSIBILITY OF USE OF GAMMA SINAR to raise Silk NATURAL PRODUCTION

2009-03-23T12:16:00.003+07:00

The influence sinar-sinar the mengionisasi especially against bahan-bahan biologik in the ability to conduct genetic mutation, already since two years on uhan known (1, 2). To memfaatkan this basic knowledge, do in the radiation with gamma-rays in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) in the hope that can be produced its mutant-mutant of production (natural silk results) higher. Experiments on silkworm is done considering the interests of a very large community Indonesian natural silk production in the recent years. Interest is necessary to get a response and assistance, particularly from graduate-sariana Indonesia, as with this way the needs of the natural silk sebel umnya 100% in -impor from outside-negeri, in whole or in part can disuply of production in the country. Drs. DJOEMANTORO, Dokter Hewan Lektor Kepala Ilmu Kimia Medik Veteriner Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan dan Peternakan Universitas Gajah Mada Y ogyakarta

BEBERAPA CATATAN MENGENAI......

2009-03-23T12:15:00.001+07:00

PEMAKAIAN ISOTOP CARBON (C14) UNTUK MENGUKUR DAYA PRODUKTIVITAS PRIMER DI PERAIRAN INDONESIA. Produktivitos Primary dilaut speed is the result of changes in benda_benda anorganis fotosintese in the process undertaken by the phyto-plankton. Because phyto-plankton is the primary food chain dilaut, the measurement process can use a bookmark on the productivity of water resources. How the measurement of the carbon isotope (14 C) is considered to be the most practical, easy to be done, the results can be quickly and Indonesia dipercaya.Di the isotope dilaut this has started since 1957. results have been obtained shows that the power of productivity on this rival or even exceed the power of productivity diperairan-water areas are. This shows that the results raise the possibility of catching fish in Indonesia is high. APRILANI SOEGIARTO M.Sc dan ANUGERAH NONTJI B.Sc. Ahli Biologi dan Asisten biologi pada Lembaga Penelitian Laut Jakarta

PEMERIKSAAN AIR SULlNG, DWISULING DAN AQUA ....

2009-03-23T12:06:00.001+07:00

DEMINERALISATA TERHADAP Cu, Mn DAN Na DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ANALISA PENGAKTIPAN NETRON. Traces of Cu, Mn and Na had been determined in tap, distilled, doubl y distilled and demineral ised water using the neutron activation anal ysis technique. Both the water sample and the standard are irradiated in a Reactor with a flux of ± 1012n/em 2/sec. for 4 hours and after adding a Cu-Carrier and HCI, Cu is precipitated as CuS by H2S. Mn is precipitated together with the Mn carrier as Mn02 by oxidation with KCI03, of the filtrate from the Cu precipitation. Na is counted in the filtrate from the Mn precipita tion. The radioactivity of each of these elements is analyzed using a single channel gamma scintillation with a solid 21/2 x 21/2 inc, Nal (Thallium activated) crystal which serves as the detector. The double distilled water from a pyrex glass stil, prepared with the addition of KMnO4 and NaOH with the purpose to free pyrogens, shows to contain Mn and Na which are relatively high. There is possibility that these traces of metals are distilled over. The Na content of distilled water, stored in bottles of ordinary alkali glass is rather high which might be due to the leaching of the. bottle. The Cu content of distilled water, from a copper stil is relatively high which is thought to be due to dissolution especially of the copper condenser. TAN BIAUW SOEN, POEY SENG BOUW dan DJALI AHIMSA *) Laboratorium Rodiophormacy, Pusat Reektor Atom Bandung. Penyelidikon ini dibantu dengan grant dari DURENAS.

PENGUKURAN KOEFFISIEN ABSORPSI SINAR GAMMA

2009-03-23T12:03:00.001+07:00

Gamma ray absorption coefficients in the brick has been measured, with the practice radium (in equilibrium with the results peluruhnya) as a source of illumination. In comparison with the results of previous works, has been measured absorption of gamma rays from radium in the reciprocal (Pb); enough berdekatan.Prasaran this the result is a new laparan introduction, so that completion of this experiment is still needed. Jr. PRIJANA M.Sc.;Laboratorium Radiostop Fakultas Ilmu Pasti dan Alam Universitas Gajah Mada Yogyakarta

PENENTUAN KADAR ARSEN DALAM BERMACAM-MACAM

2009-03-23T11:57:00.001+07:00

A method had been worked out for the determinotion of arsenic in tonics using the neutron radioactivation analysis technique. After irradiating the sample and the standard in a reactor with a flux of 1012 n/cm2/sec for two hours, it is extracted in dilute NaOH solution with heating to transform the arsenic into the soluble sodium arsenite and filtered. After adding arseniccarrier and dilute HCI to make the pH ±. 3, the arsenic is precipitated as As2S3 by H2S. The precipitate is weighed after washing with acetone and drying under an I.R. lamp, and the activity is analysed using a single channel gamma scintillation spectrometer in which a solid, 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 inch, Nal (Thallium activated) crystal served as the detector. The presence of Mn and Cu makes the analysis for arsenic rather high and in this case a further radiochemi cal separation has to be done.HITLER NATASUWARNA. POEY SENG BOUW dan DJALI AHIMSA;laboratori um Rodiopharmacy, Pusat Reaktor Atom Bandung.Penyelidikan ini dibantu dengan grant dari DURENAS.

FISIKA DOSIMETRI NETRON.

2009-03-23T11:46:00.001+07:00

Dose measurements at a point that is located in the radiation field netron, the detector must be in accordance with the radiation field because the amount of energy absorbed detector is not only dependent on the flux netron, but also on the type of intraksi that occur between netran and atom-atom mater ; detektor.Salah just one way to ilustrasl dose measurements will be discussed with the thermal netron gamma detector film.Hasbuna Kifli;Tenaga tetap pada Departemen FLsika F.M.I.P.A. lnstitut Teknologi Bandung. Tenaga Part-Timer di Pusat Reaktor Atom Bandung.

Geoelectrical Measurements

2009-03-23T10:51:00.000+07:00

Geoelectrical measurements obtain earth electrical condictivitY which gives information on subsurface structure. This method is suitable for horizontal-layering structure and is used as depth probe down to about 3000 meter. Interpretation of field data is done either directly or indirectly. The indirect method, based on curve matching, is used especially as a preliminary interpretation because it can be done relatively fast. A graphical plot between apparent resistivities and half current electrode distances is made from field data. Several field measurements have been made using the 4 - electrode configuration, either Schlumberger
or Wenner. Amm H. Nazif

Use of DIFFUSI IN Flow

2009-03-23T10:45:00.001+07:00

Within the parameters of a petroleum reservoir can be measured as maybe. There are direct measurements, and there is not direct. No direct measurements to be based on a theoretical approach which is a calculation that baik. Ternyata from the continuity equation of flow and flow dynamics, pressure in the reservoir to meet equality diffusi. By itself responsible for the need to model both the boundary conditions. Some models apparently fit and already used in the usual technique and develop measurement lapangan.Tetapi model itself is still to be done now to approach the actual situation. Is the fisisi can help develop.Lilik Hendradjaya; Departemen fisika - Institut Teknologi Bandung

DOSIMETRJ DALAM. (In ternal Dosimetry).

2009-03-23T10:41:00.001+07:00

Radioaktip substances-substances that enter into a biological body is eaten with, dihirup or absorbed through skin or wounds and live in the body that will meradiasi continuous the body. Core-core radioisotop that will be long-lived continuous meradiasi the body during his life. Measurement dosimetri in the body can ditaksir with radioaktip know the source distribution in the body and the mechanism of radiation damage (radiation damage) or can be done in a way vivo.Dari measurement in determining the valuation dosimetri price can be derived in the maximum permitted concentration (Maximum permissible concentration) of radioaktip oxygen-oxygen in the air and water. Roestan Roekmantara; Dept. Fisika ITB.

EKSPERIMEN DALAM SPATIAL FILTERING

2009-03-23T10:34:00.001+07:00

An object, which is an image or a slide negatip a picture, placed in front a lens and disinari with parallel and coherent light from a laser. In the second focus area of this lens will be a Fourier analysis in two-dimensional distribution of intensity on the field object. Electric field in the field of focus is the Fourier transformation of the electric field in the object field. Fourier components that occur relate to the frequency of the space domain, frequency-frequency space is called the frequency or spatial frequencies. If on the field or area of focus this transformation put a barrier with a certain shape, we can remove the space frequency frequency-specific. This means that frequency-specific frequency is not forwarded to form the shadow end. As a result, shadows are going to be changed. This technique is called spatial filtering. With practice this technique, we can take the form of noise dots or parallel lines a periodic, such as television Raster image. Contranst of the image can also be improved. In this article discussed the basics of spatial filtering teoretik of the outline. Then discussed the description of the experiment. Last reviewed several experiments that can be done with the same equipment memeprgunakan. Sutrisno; Departemen Fisika, ITS.(Eksperimen ini dilakukan di LAPAN)

PENGUKURAN-PENGUKURAN LlSTRIK DARI FILM MONTMORILLONITE

2009-03-23T10:29:00.002+07:00

"Electrical Measurements at Montr:norilionite Films" Montmorillonite ( a clay) films deposited on pure titanium have been shown to give . high protection against oxidation at Electrical Measurements at Montrnorilionite Films Montmorillonite ( a clay) films dl!posited on pure titanium have been shown to give . high protection against oxidation at high temperatures. The structural investigations and the preparations of the films are reviewed briefly. The DC current-voltage characteristic measurements for several different temperatures were done to determine the activation energy of conduction and the basic transport prosess at the material. And AC conductance and capitance meaSurements over the audio fre-quency range (100Hz - 20 KHz) at room temperature were needed to determine the dielectric constant and AC conductivitY characteristics. The Poole-Frenkel effect ob-servedin the material in the high field is also discussed.high temperatures.The structural investigations and the preparations of the films are reviewed briefly. The DC current-voltage characteristic measurements for several different temperatures were done to determine the activation energy of conduction and the basic transport prosess at the material. And AC conductance and capitance meaSurements over the audio fre-quency range (100Hz - 20 KHz) at room temperature were needed to determine the dielectric constant and AC conductivitY characteristics. The Poole-Frenkel effect observed in the material in the high field is also discussed. Zainul Astamar Tanisan.

CASH Neutral gauge THEORY AND MODEL IN LEPTON Interaction

2009-03-23T10:22:00.002+07:00

In this paper the two terms are important in the development of the theory of weak interactions; namely the problem of the theory divergensi VA, and the possibility of the existence of new role neutral currents. Both problems can be more satisfactory in the framework of gauge field theory, the new version. As an example of this new approach has been discussed the formulation of Weinberg and Salam model, especially for the lepton. The discussion is followed by a comparison between the forecast and the results of experiments teoritik. Description This ends with a summary and response-response model of the WAS and the general development in this field. M.O. Tjia, Departemen Fisika ITB,

THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURES CHANGES OF ESTER CELLULOSIC FILM ON THE LIGHT TRANSMISSION.

2009-03-05T15:25:00.002+07:00

By modification of ester cellulosic materials, the manufactured films can be expected to absorb or reflect a specified light, which those films can be applied for certain needs such as green house, UV block film, so on. In this study, several materials based of ester celluloses have been synthesized and modified to be films or membranes. Properties of the light absorbance and transmission ofthose films in several light areas (190-380 nm, 380-780 nm, and 780-1100 nm) have then be analyzed systematically. The ester celluloses those synthesized by acid chloride methode have been obtained as powder, which are then poured into methylene chloride, stirred and evaporated to form fulldense films. The films formed from acetate cellulose, benzoate cellulose, and palmitate cellulose have following absorption percentation of light, especially, in ultraviolet region (190-380 nm) 16,5%, 38,7% and 48,9%, respectively. By the facts, it is known that the light absorptions of the films are depended on their chemical structure. Therefore, in our study now, we respect to study about the relationship between the light absorption/transmission and their chemical structures. Key words: Cellulose of palmi tat, cellulose ofbenzoat, cellulose oftriasetat, light transmission. Asep Riswoko Pusat Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi Material (P3TM) - BPPT

BIOSYNTHESIS OF LACTIC ACID AS BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC RAW MATERIALS.

2009-03-05T15:22:00.000+07:00

Development of biodegradable plastic materials used renewable resources are expected. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the biodegradable plastic which was produced from renewable resources by fermentation of starch and chemical polimerization. One isolate of the bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum was obtained from corn silage isolation and was homofermentative bacteria with lactic acid as the fermentation product. Lactic acid fermentation from corn starch medium was carried out by L. plantarum at room temperature and pH 6-6.5. Analysis of fermentation corn starch using HPLC and polarimeter showed that lactic acid fermentation by L. plantarum produced L(+) lactic acid. Productivity ofL( +)lactic acid was 2,6 mglml by the incubation of72 hours. This product will be followed by chemical polimerization to get polylactid acid (PLA). The technology process of PLA as biodegradable plastic will give an added value of com starch and can be competitive economically with the ordinary hydrocarbon plastics. Key words: Bioshyntesis, Polylactic acid, Lactobacillus plantarum. Lucia Indrarti, Elsy Rahimi dan Tati Pusat Penelitian Fisika (P2F) - LIPI

PREPARATION OF PTFE-g-DMAA GRAFT COPOLYMER FOR POLYMER BASE IN FUEL CELL MEMBRANE.

2009-03-05T15:18:00.000+07:00

The preparation ofPTFE-g-DMAA copolymer has been done by using an irradiation simultaneous technique. The purpose of the work was to obtain a hydrophilic graft copolymer of PTFE-g-DMAA that can be used as a polimer base for making a polymer membrane electrolytes in a fuel cell system. The polytetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE) film was placed in a special designed glass ampoule that containing Di-methylacrylamide (DMAA) monomer and than it was irradiated under vacuum by gamma rays from a Co-60 source.It was found that the graft copolymerization can be only significantly proceeded in the presence of either ethyl acetate or acetone as a solvent. The kinetic study show that the initial grafting rate was proportional to 0.55 power of dose rate and the apparent activation energy was found to be 7.92 kcal/mole. The present age of water up-take was increase linearly with the degree of grafting and also the distribution of grafting chain in the PTFE film substrate suggest that the graft copolymer ofPTFE-g-DMAA was a hydrophilic one. Key words: Garft copolymer, polytetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE), di-methylacrylamide (DMAA). Mirzan T. Razzak1, Agus Salim I Sri YadiaP Adjat Sudradjat2,Ambiyah Soeliwarno2 dan Idrus Kadir J Fakuitas Sains dan Teknologi, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jl. Ciputat Raya, Jakarta 2Puslitbang Teknologi Isotop dan Radiasi (P3TIR) - BATAN Jl. Raya Cinere Pasar Jumat, Jakarta

MEMRANE SELLULOSEACETATE MADE WITH RADIATION OF POLYMER OMPOSITION, KIND OF SOLVENT AND CONCENTRATION OF ADDITIVE.

2009-03-05T15:15:00.001+07:00

Flat membrane sellulose acetate made with variation of polymer composition, kind of solvent and amount of additive have been done. Solvents observed on these experiments were acetone, dimethyil acetamide and N, methylpyrrolidone with formamide as additive. Parameters observed were flux, rejection coefficient and molecular weight cut-off membrane. From results of experiments found that polymer composition, kind of solvent and amount of additive could influence membrane characteristic resulted. High polymer consentration will give low flux ofthe membrane, but coefficient rejection on the contrary. Membrane made with dimethyl acetamide solvent give the highest flux, but the lowest coefficient rejection. Higher amount of additive added to dope solution, higher flux of membrane resulted. Key words: Selulosa asetat, variasi komposisi, jenis pelarut, aditif, fluks, rejeksi. SyahrilAhmad Pusat Penelitian Kimia (P2K) - LIPI

NOVELHYDROCARBONPOLYMERFORSOLIDELECIROLYTEINDlRECfMETHANOLFUELCELL.

2009-03-05T15:11:00.001+07:00

Many novel polymer electrolyte membranes were found to replace the Nafion membrane for using in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), in order to solve the problem offuel crossover (methanol crossover) in DMFC and also to reduce the cost production of solid electrolyte. Here we found the synthesis of copolymer membrane using the acrylonitrile and 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid with DMF as a solvent. The copolymer membrane has a sulfonate to transfer a proton (H+) in fuel cell system. In this result we found that permeability ofthis copolymer will decrease during the addition of supporting electrolyte in various methanol concentrations. The surface of membranes was analyzed using SEM. These results must be usefully as polymer electrolyte to solve the problem of water control in high temperature offuel cell and also in direct methanol fuel cell. Key words: Fuel cell; methanol crossover; koefisien difusi; proton exchange membrane. Eniya Listiani DewP, Dani Endar Purwanto2, Dora Olivia2 dan RochmadF IPusat Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi Material (P3TM) - BPPT Gd.IJ, Lt. 22, Jl. M H Thamrin 8 Jakarta 10340 2Laboratorium Teknologi Tinggi Polimer, Jurusan Teknik Kimia, UGM Jl. Grafika 2, Yogyakarta 55281

COPOLYMERIZATION LLDPE WITH MALEIC ANHYDRIDE WITHOUT INITIATOR IN LABOPLASTOMILL.

2009-03-05T15:04:00.002+07:00

Nowadays LLDPE waste is contributing seriously to the environmental problems, and hence modification ofLLDPE to promote biodegradation is desirable. Several data indicated that to be biodegradable, the polymer chain must contain chemical bonds susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis or oxidation initiating the biodegradation process This research aimed to modifY LLDPE through copolymerization, to create hydrolysable and oxidizable functional groups along the LLDPE main chain. To create this function, copolymerization LLDPE with maleic anhydride without initiator in laboplastomill had been done. Copolymerization has been done at ISOaC with 60 rpm rotation. Analysis of functional groups and physical properties ofLLDPE before and after modification have been done by IR, UV, XRD, tensile strength and % elongation at break. FTIR and UV analysis indicated the occurrence of double bond, non-cyclic anhydride and keto acid at LLDPE main chain. Tensile strength 28%, melt indeks indeks 99%, elongation at break 203% and the degree of crystallinity increase 163% compare to the original LLDPE. It could be expected that this copolymerization might be one of an alternative way to modifY a synthetic polymer for possible biodegradation. Key words: LLDPE, Anhidrida maleat, Laboplastomi. Hasnah Muin Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknologi Industri Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta

Development of Polymer ADDITIVE

2009-03-05T15:01:00.001+07:00

Three types of aditif: Antioxidant, slip and clarifying the lately a lot of different applications used in the polyolefin polymer discussed in this paper. Antioxidant role as a prophylactic radical formation and hidroperoksida The disclosed with the hope to provide an understanding of chemical substances-substances that can act as an Antioxidant. Antioxidant such as the type of commercial irganox 1010, irgafos PI68 and types of the other new and shows a combination of rapid growth in this industry aditif. Slip agent used most of the blown film applications. One of the plastic packaging which is very large in dikonsumsinya Indonesian. Currently the most widely used as an agent is oleamida Slip and urikamida. PE uriakamida use more often, because it has a high stability termallebih. In the past many also used stearamida and other wax, but this time have left because of the need coefficient of friction is lower. Aditif ago in the source this came from animal bones, but later, especially in Indonesia and other Muslim countries shifted to the vegetal source. Aditif third Clarifying the agent is covered or also known as Nucleating agent. Particularly widely used for Polipropilen kopolimer random. Both the application and Injection Molding Blow Molding. Aditif this substance can increase the transparency of the application Polipropilen so Extrusion stretch blow
molding, polymer Polipropilen a semikristalin can setrasparan PET packaging amorf on betel. The main source of aditif this is Sorbitol. However, until now only one supplier that is capable of aditif create this harmony with nature tranparasi and organoleptic nature. Last reviewed also about the legal aspects of the polymer, especially in aditif restriction through specific migration limits FDA-USA, while more emphasis on some extract maximum solvent with the condition specific. Asmu Wahyu Saptoraharjo; PT Tripolyta Indonesia

ADVANTAGES OF PVC -ITS MERIT-

2009-03-05T14:53:00.002+07:00

Polyninyl chloride (PVC) was first manufactured in 1931 as a robust and lightweight new plastic. This breaktrought materials was brought about to substitute public lifelines such as water supply, sewage pipes, or Polyninyl chloride (PVC) was first manufactured in 1931 as a robust and lightweight new plastic. This breaktrought materials was brought about to substitute public lifelines such as water supply, sewage pipes, or power lines. It is also used in building materials such as sidings, flooring and roofing sheets, or parts for automobile and home electrical appliances. Consumer PVC products include food wraps, synthetic lather and stationary. As you can see, PVC is used in a vast range of applications to support everyday life. 25 mil1ion tons ofPYC is used around the globe today, both in industrialized and developing countries, due to its cost efficiency, durability, processability and resource saving features.power lines. It is also used in building materials such as sidings, flooring and roofing sheets, or parts for automobile and home electrical appliances. Consumer PVC products include food wraps, synthetic lather and stationary. As you can see, PVC is used in a vast range of applications to support everyday life. 25 mil1ion tons ofPYC is used around the globe today, both in industrialized and developing countries, due to its cost efficiency, durability, processability and resource saving features. Akira Kajigano; General Manager Environment & PR Department of VEC

NATURAL MATERIALS AS POTENTIAL Polymer Raw Material

2009-03-05T14:24:00.002+07:00

Of the present plastic or synthetic polymer, the main raw material is oil, a material that is not can be renewed. Therefore, the need to search for new sources altematif, the natural plant material. Plastic materials derived from plants or green plastic in the country ahead of the start-poli laktat acid (PLA) and poli-hidroksi alkanoat (PHA) through the fermentation process, but the processes are still expensive, so the need to look for other ways. A natural polymer derived directly from the plant is natural rubber, cellulose from cotton, wood products, bamboo, rami, plants, fruit (pineapple, banana). Polymer is another source of marine and animal sources, such as shrimp, leather, crab skin, sheep wool and silk worm. Generally these products environmentally friendly. Indonesian have raw materials, but utilization of industrial products are still in the initial stage. N. M. Surdia Departemen Kimia, ITB

Development of Polymer ADDITIVE

2009-02-04T19:54:00.001+07:00

Development of Polymer ADDITIVE. Three types of aditif: Antioxidant, slip and clarifying the lately a lot of different applications used in the polyolefin polymer discussed in this paper. Antioxidant role as a prophylactic radical formation and hidroperoksida The disclosed with the hope to provide an understanding of chemical substances-substances that can act as an Antioxidant. Antioxidant such as the type of commercial irganox 1010, irgafos PI68 and types of the other new and shows a combination of rapid growth in this industry aditif. Slip agent used most of the blown film applications. One of the plastic packaging which is very large in dikonsumsinya Indonesian. Currently the most widely used as an agent is oleamida Slip and urikamida. PE uriakamida use more often, because it has a high stability termallebih. In the past many also used stearamida and other wax, but this time have left because of the need coefficient of friction is lower. Aditif ago in the source this came from animal bones, but later, especially in Indonesia and other Muslim countries shifted to the vegetal source. Aditif third Clarifying the agent is covered or also known as Nucleating agent. Particularly widely used for Polipropilen kopolimer random. Both the application and Injection Molding Blow Molding. Aditif this substance can increase the transparency of the application Polipropilen so Extrusion stretch blow
molding, polymer Polipropilen a semikristalin can setrasparan PET packaging amorf on betel. The main source of aditif this is Sorbitol. However, until now only one supplier that is capable of aditif create this harmony with nature tranparasi and organoleptic nature. Last reviewed also about the legal aspects of the polymer, especially in aditif restriction through specific migration limits FDA-USA, while more emphasis on some extract maximum solvent with the condition specific. Asmu Wahyu Saptoraharjo; PT Tripolyta Indonesia Banten

ADVANTAGES OF PVC -ITS MERIT-

2009-02-04T19:47:00.000+07:00

Polyninyl chloride (PYe) was first manufactured in 1931 as a robust and lightweight new plastic. This breaktrought materials was brought about to substitute public lifelines such as water supply, sewage pipes, or power lines. It is also used in building materials such as sidings, flooring and roofing sheets, or parts for automobile and home electrical appliances. Consumer PYC products include food wraps, synthetic lather and stationary. As you can see, PYC is used in a vast range of applications to support everyday life. 25 mil1ion tons ofPYC is used around the globe today, both in industrialized and developing countries, due to its cost efficiency, durability, processability and resource saving features. (Kajigano; General Manager Environment & PR Department of VEC)

POTENCY NATURAL MATERIALS Polymer as a raw material

2009-02-04T19:24:00.002+07:00

Wind energy, effort Maintain Galapagos Nature Reserve

2009-01-20T13:53:00.000+07:00

16 January 2001 ships, tankers Jessica, in a trip from Puerto Bazuerizo Moreno, the capital of the Province of Galapagos island of San Cristobal to dihantam storm and drowned, enumpahkan m more than 600 thousand liters of oil. Regions preserve Galapagos tercemar. The oil spill, some of the supply of diesel for the generator which is the main source of electricity for residents in the archipelago. To avoid a similar disaster terulangnya, Ecuador set targets, stop immediately the use of generator-generator is. Until 2015 the Galapagos will only get electricity supply from renewable energy. During this part of the Island area of San Cristobal is no longer a diesel generator. Since approximately one year in San Cristobal there are three power plants that produce wind energy supply for 6000 people, which covers about a third of the island. Target that proclaimed actually larger, but in 2007 the strength of the wind in St Cristobal far weaker than the calculated. 2009 electricity generated on the island's wind energy is expected to reach 50 percent of the population. Wind energy project that takes five years from perencenaan until the first turbine was built. Said Jim kith, the project engineer. "There are considerations related rotor windmill, will be given the birds and bats. We must be very careful, we started this project to protect the environment so the impact is negative for the environment is not our wish. Conducted research for several years and the result is we move the location of wind power to other hills. " Kith more clearly. Sea birds in the Galapagos Islands can therefore interfere. They make a nest in the nearby wind power generator that is designed initially placed. In the last 12 months sea bird population is not increasing, it is vice versa. The main threat for this animal is a rat-mouse brought people, and the nest-nest is. Wind energy project in the Galapagos Ecuador, funded by the government, the United Nations and 9 world's largest energy company. Among the German energy company RWE. For the environmental organization Greenpeace or Worl Wildlife Fund, RWE is seen as a destructive climate, because this company in Europe is the largest producer of greenhouse gases emissions. Citra want this fixed RWE with wind energy project in St. Cristobal. "I think big companies better participate in the project is truly great, such as wind energy projects in North Europe, the project because it really needs investment from big companies. And that was great participation that we expect from the big electricity companies. Support for the project is relatively small island in the remote location, it seems more as an act of publication. "The opinion of Greepeace Sven Teske. Greenpeace positive rate in wind energy projects. However, the supply of energy to meet the Galapagos Islands until 2015 with only rely on wind energy is not possible. Said leaders of the project engineer Jim kith. Wind energy is a good first step. "What happens is expected to be made of other programs that produce energy efficient and the test in which the sun's energy can be used. Most of the energy in the archipelago is used for cars and motorcycles. So will the necessary bio-fuel program. The project we are only part of the overall program coordinated by the Ecuadorian government and the United Nations."(dk)

Islam, science and technology

2009-01-20T13:47:00.000+07:00

Among the things in it in the modern era this is science and technology. Science and technology have a very rapid development of human life.In each of the experts and scientists continue to assess and examine the science and technology as the invention of the most sophisticated and modern. Both have become symbols of progress and modernity in this century. Therefore, if there is a nation or country that does not follow the development of science and technology, the nation or country can be said that the country forward and not backward. Back to topics related to the Islamic science and technology. Islamic view of science and technology is that Islam did not restrain people for progress and modern. Thus Islam is to support people-research and experiment in any case, including science and technology. Islam for science and technology, including the revelations of Allah, that need to be extracted and searched her. Signs of Allah in the universe is God gave to mankind as a caliph in the earth to be processed and used well. Islamic view of science and technology can be principle-principle analysis of the first revelation received by Prophet Muhammad SAW. Read with (his) name of your Lord who Created, He has created man from segumpal blood. Read and thy Lord is the generous, teach the (human) with perantaran Kalam, to teach him what a man does not know. (QS. Al-Isra: 1-5) According to an expert commentary kontemmporer origin Indonesia, Prof.. Dr. Quraish Syihab, 'iqra' fetched from the heap. Collect from a variety of birth, such as the meaning, analyze, deepens, research, know the characteristics of, and read the written text or not. [1] In another verse, Allah SWT praise servants to consider the creation of the heavens and the earth. In fact, many verses of the Qur'an that enjoin people to examine and observe the universe. Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day, there are signs for men of understanding, (that) those who remember God while standing, sitting or lying in keadan and they think about the creation of the heavens and the earth ( and said): "Our Lord, You have never created this with the vain, Glory to Thee, And guard us from the torment of Hell. (QS. Al-Imran: 190-191) Have they not the earth, how many we tumbuhkan on earth that various kinds of plants is good? (QS. asy-Syu'ara: 7) Say: "See what yaag is in the heavens and the earth. Not useful sign of God and the apostles who gave warning to those who do not believe. " (QS. Yunus: 101) Revelations of the above is a support that God gave to the servants to continue to excavate and consider what is in the universe. So an expert scientific West, Maurice Bucaile, after he conducted research on the Qur'an and Bibel's the point of view of modern science. He says: "I am investigating the suitability Qur'an text with modern science objectively and without prejudice. At first I understand, by reading the translation, that the Koran various natural phenomena, but with the translation that I only have knowledge that the same (brief). By reading the text carefully arab once I can prove that the inventory that the Koran does not contain a statement that can be criticized from a scientific point of view in the modern era. [2] If science and technology, this time to be re-growth period, it is not separated from the contrib scientists Muslims. Not excessive if it is said that the origin of modern science or scientific revolution comes from the Islamic civilization. Indeed, a fact, Islam is the pioneer of modern science. If they do not fight among them, and if the army does not kristen mengusirnya of Spain, and if the Mongols did not attack and destroy parts of the lands of Islam in the 13th century, they will be able to create a Descartes, a Gassendi, a Hume, a Cupernicus, and a Tycho Brahe, because we have found seeds philosophy mechanics, emperisisme, the main elements in heliosentrisme instruments and Tycho Brahe in the works of al-Ghazali, Ibn al-Shatir, astronom at the observatory margha and works Takiyudin. [3] Islamic civilization has been a very vocabulary knowledge and knowledgeable scientists are so extraordinary. Scientist-scientist is that if we read, have expertise in various fields. A course Ibn Sina. In a very young age, he has succeeded in the various medical science. Mognum opusnya al-Qanun fi al-Thib become the primary source of reference in many Western universities. In addition to Ibn Sina, al-Ghazali also be spelled out for the scientists who refresentatif we call here. He theologian, philosopher, and Sufi. In addition, he is also famous as the effort to encourage people who are able to do that. He also fiqih experts. Al-Mushtasfa is proof of expertise in the field ushul fiqih. Not only that, al-Ghazali also appeared to have a very modern paradigm. He has been to combine the project, not mendikotomi theology and general knowledge. For him, the two types of knowledge are equally obligatory response by Muslims. Besides the scientists, Ibn Rusyd feasible we call here. He ingenious philosopher, theologian and medical control. In fact, he can also be referred to as the faqih. Kapabalitasnya in the field with proven fiqih paper tulisnya Bidayah al-Mujtahid. Philosophers is also the inspiration of movements in the West. Not a bit ideologinya adopted by the West so as to advance now. Fakhruddin other scientists such as al-Razi, in addition to a theologian, philosopher, expert commentary, he is also one of the medicine. Al-Khawarizmi, Matematikawan and a theologian. And more scholars as well as the scientists who generated from the Islamic civilization. All these indicate that a civilization can be advanced and superior, although still based by religious beliefs and against God (Allah SWT). The condition of Muslims in the current slowdown in the field of science and technology is caused by many things. Islamic science began to ebb significantly after the year 1800 is due to external factors such as the influence of colonialism that deliberately destroyed the system that drives the local economy of science and local industry. For example, such as what happened in Bengali, India, when the system of local handicraft industry and destroyed in order to succeed 'industrial revolution "in the UK. Science and technology is a symbol of modernity. However, not only because modern, then we ignore religion as happens in the West with the ideology sekularisme. Because science and technology will never contradict the teachings of Islam that are relevant in each of the age. [1] Prof. Dr. Quraisy Syihab, Wawasan al-Qur’an, [2] Maurice Buccaile, La Bible Le Coran Et Le Science, terj. Bible, Qur’an dan Sains Modern oleh H.M. Rasjidi, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, hal. 10. [3] Majalah Islamia, Thn. I, No. 4, Artikel Prof. Dr. Cemil Akdogan. Oleh Saeful Rokhman

Global Warming Trends Still Clearly Visible

2009-01-20T12:39:00.000+07:00

UK Meteorological Office issued a weather report in 2008. Conclusion of the report, the year 2008 is one year since records terpanas weather. 14.3 degrees Celsius. That is the temperature average in the earth throughout the year 2008. According to the analysis of the British climate experts, this year was ranked terpanas to ten years since 1850. Is even more important, terpanas ten years in the history of the notes have all the time period in 1997 until now. So clearly, at this time the ongoing process of heating the earth. Year terpanas earth recorded in 1998 with an average temperature of 14.5 degrees Celsius. Temperature of the earth movement from year to year in small-scale weather phenomena influenced by the exchange between heat waves and cold waves. In terms this popular phenomenon known as El Nino for the wave of hot air, and wave to La Nina cold. The year 2008 there are phenomena cold La Nina. So the earth is actually warming phenomenon still teredam by that phenomenon. In fact, 2008 was a year terdingin during the last 10 years. But experts believe, the cold phase will end soon. As expressed by Peter Stott of the Hadley climate research centers in the UK: "Most likely, one to three years before the warm earth. Because there is no more La Nina phenomena. So the average temperature could rise 0.2 percent every decade. "Indeed, researchers have also skeptical of the theory that the earth warming. Because according to them, 1998 was a year terpanas. After that the air temperature was down again. And an average temperature of the earth is now 0.2 degrees Celsius below the temperature in 1998. So even freeze the earth temperature. Climate researcher Phil Jones explains, the temperature of the earth must be viewed in the long-term trend. "It is not always earth's temperature is higher than the previous year. The more important is the long-term trend. Comparing decades now with the previous decades. In 2000 until 2008, an average temperature of 0.2 degrees centigrade higher than the year 90-an. From there it looks, there is global warming caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. "The temperature in 1998, which until now a record year terpanas throughout history, it can not be a benchmark average. For the 1998 heat wave phenomena have, the El Nino phenomenon, which is very strong. UK climate researcher Phil Jones explains further: "In El Nino years are the years of the summer. And there are waves 1997/1998 El Nino for most 20th century. That is why in 1998 so terpanas years. Now we are experiencing cold La Nina phase in Pacific. Temperatures average down a bit. But overall, the last 10 years this temperature 0.2 degrees more heat than an 90-year. And the last 10 years are years terpanas. "
So 2008 was not a record year terpanas according to experts. But weather records show a clear trend of global warming.

IN EKSPERIMEN Spatial Filtering

2009-01-17T14:50:00.004+07:00

An object, which is an image or a slide negatip a picture, placed in front a lens and disinari with parallel and coherent light from a laser. In the field of focus This second lens Fourier analysis will occur in two dimensions of distribusi intensity on the field objects. Medan Iistrik in the field of focus is the Fourier transformation of the electric field in the field of an object. Fourier components that occur relate to the frequency in the space domain, frequency-frequency space is called the frequency or spatial frequencies. If you focus on the field or fields of transformation of this put a barrier with certain forms, we can remove the frequency-specific frequency space. This means that frequency - a certain frequency is not forwarded for final shadow form. As a result, shadow who is going to be changed. This technique is called spatial filtering. With practice this technique, we can take the form of noise dots or parallel lines the periodic, such as television images Raster. Contranst of the image can also be improved. In this article discussed the basics of spatial filtering teoretik of the outline. Then discussed the description of the experiment. Last reviewed several experiments that can be done with the same equipment practice. Sutrisno ** Eksperimen ini dilakukan di LAPAN, •• Departemen Fisika, ITS.

CASH neutral and MODEL IN THEORY gauge INTERAKSI LEPTON

2009-01-17T14:48:00.000+07:00

In this paper presented Qua important aspect in the development of the theory of interaction Iemah; the problem of theory divergensi VA, and the possibility of the new role flow neutral. Both problems can be more satisfactory in the framework toori mine gauge the new version. For example hash this new approach has been discussed the formulation of Salam and Weinberg model, especially for the lepton. The discussion is followed by teoritik comparison between prediction and experiment hash. Description ended with this summary responses and feedback on the model-WS and the development of general delam this field. M.O. Tjia,Departemen Fisika ITB

Internal Dosimetry

2009-01-17T14:46:00.000+07:00

Radioaktip oxygen-oxygen into the body of a biological way to eat, dihirup or absorbed through cuts or kul it and stay in the body that will be continuous meradiasi the body is. Core-core radioisotop that will be long-lived meradiasi continuous body during the his life. Measurement dosimetri in the body can ditaksir knowing distribution radioaktip source in the body and the mechanism of radiation damage (radiation damage) or can be done with the measurement in vivo. Dosimetri determination of valuation in the price can be derived the maximum concentration permitted (Maximum permissible concentration) of oxygen-radioaktip substances in the air and water. Roestan Roekmantara; Dept. Fisika ITB.

Use of DIFFUSI IN OIL earth flow

2009-01-17T14:40:00.000+07:00

Parameters in an oil reservoir can be measured as maybe. There are direct measurements, and there is not direct. Measurements should be no direct based on a theoretical calculation, which is a good approach. In fact from the equation of continuity and flow dynamics flow, pressure in reservoir to meet equality diffusi. Oengan itself to get a good answer need to model the limit. Some of the models that match and is usually used in engineering and measurement field. But the model itself is still to be done now to approach the actual situation. Oisinilah fisisi can help develop. Lilik Hendradjaya; Departemen fisika - Institut Teknologi Bandung

DIFFHAKSI NEUTRON OLEH FERRJTE

2009-01-17T14:37:00.000+07:00

Ferrite mempunyai struktur spinel, dimana terdapat dua macam posisi ion yakni tetrahedral (A) site dan oktahedral (B) site. Bila terdapat ion-ion magnetik, maka terdapat dua interaksi magnetik yakni interaksi type Neel dan interaksi type Yafet-Kittel. Dengan diffraksi neutron diperlihatkan bahwa ferrite campuran Zn Ni'~ Fe20 mempunyai struktur magnetik type Yafet-Kittel yakni magnetik A site membenfuk sud~t deng1n momen magnetik B site.Kurniadi Sumaamidjaja, J.E. Waworuntu.Pusat Reaktor Atom Bandung dan Departemen Fisika -- ITB. Marsongkohadi Departemen Fisika - ITB dan Pusat Reaktor Atom Bandung.