As the World Wide Web grows, a considerable numbers of Indonesia related online
articles written in Japanese has became available. It is understandable, considering
our country's long relation with Japan in various fields, in addition to Japanese being
the second most common languageused on the WWW. These articles, however, are
originally intended for Japanese audience, so unless they are translated into
Indonesian, they will never reach Indonesian audience which may in fact have
benefited from the information contained in the articles. On the other hand, it is widely known that Open Source solutions enable developers to focus on creating a responsive, innovative websites quickly, instead of wrestling with technology. In this study, a Japanese - Indonesian online dictionary has been developed. The web application utilizes Open Source technology and running on LAMP framework. The issues and problems that need to be addressed when compiling a source lexicon are identified and discussed, as well as the characteristics of the needs
and interest of online users are revealed from their search query monitoring.
Keyword: Web Application, Open Source, LAMP Application, Online DictionaryAlief Yahya, Tri Sampurno, Made Gunawan, Vi tria Pragesjvara Center for Information & Communication Technology, Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)
BPPT 2nd Bid. 21st Floor. Jalan MH Thamrin no. 8 Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
A WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WITH OPEN SOURCE SOLUTION
Aplikasi Metoda Elemen Batas Untuk Menentukan Dominan Area Dari Sumber Akustik Terhadap Lokasi Medan Tertentu
Mengetahui karakteristik dari sumber bising merupakan masalah yang sangat penting
dalam pengendalian tingkat bising dalam suatu area tertentu. Untuk mengetahui
karakteristik dari sumber bising dapat dilakukan dengan mencari parameter akustik
permukaan sumber bising tersebut, seperti tekanan atau kecepatan partikel
permukaan atau relasi keduanya. Hal ini dapat dilakukan menggunakan metoda yang
telah banyak digunakan yaitu invers Metoda Elemen Batas. Pengendalian tingkat
bising akan lebih efektif bila yang diketahui bukan hanya karakteristik permukaan
sumbernya saja, tapi juga diketahui bagian mana dari permukaan sumber tersebut
yang paling dominan terhadap suatu lokasi medan tertentu. Bila dominan area dari
sumber bising telah diketahui, maka dapat dilakukan perlakukan lebih lanjut pada
bagian yang dominan saja, tidak perlu semua bagian sumber, sehingga pengendalian
tingkat bising dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efektif. Oalam makalah ini disajikan
metoda untuk menentukan lokasi dominan area dari sumber akustik terhadap suatu
lokasi medan akustik tertentu, yaitu dengan mencari fungsi transfer akustiknya
menggunakan Metoda Elemen Batas. Uji kasus secara simulasi dilakukan untuk
kasus radiasi dari suatu pelat yang bergetar. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa
metoda yang diusulkan dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui bagian mana dari
permukaan sumber akustik yang paling dominan. Kata kunci: akustik, dominan area, metoda elemen batas. Daniel Setiadikarunia \ Benjamin Soenarko2, Deddy Kurniadi2, dan Wono S. Budhi3 1Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Universitas Kristen Maranatha JI. Prof. Drg. Soeria Soemantri 65, Bandung 40164 2 Departemen Teknik Fisika, Institut Teknologi Bandung 3Departemen Matematik, Institut Teknoiogi Bandung JI. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132
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dalam pengendalian tingkat bising dalam suatu area tertentu. Untuk mengetahui
karakteristik dari sumber bising dapat dilakukan dengan mencari parameter akustik
permukaan sumber bising tersebut, seperti tekanan atau kecepatan partikel
permukaan atau relasi keduanya. Hal ini dapat dilakukan menggunakan metoda yang
telah banyak digunakan yaitu invers Metoda Elemen Batas. Pengendalian tingkat
bising akan lebih efektif bila yang diketahui bukan hanya karakteristik permukaan
sumbernya saja, tapi juga diketahui bagian mana dari permukaan sumber tersebut
yang paling dominan terhadap suatu lokasi medan tertentu. Bila dominan area dari
sumber bising telah diketahui, maka dapat dilakukan perlakukan lebih lanjut pada
bagian yang dominan saja, tidak perlu semua bagian sumber, sehingga pengendalian
tingkat bising dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efektif. Oalam makalah ini disajikan
metoda untuk menentukan lokasi dominan area dari sumber akustik terhadap suatu
lokasi medan akustik tertentu, yaitu dengan mencari fungsi transfer akustiknya
menggunakan Metoda Elemen Batas. Uji kasus secara simulasi dilakukan untuk
kasus radiasi dari suatu pelat yang bergetar. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa
metoda yang diusulkan dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui bagian mana dari
permukaan sumber akustik yang paling dominan. Kata kunci: akustik, dominan area, metoda elemen batas. Daniel Setiadikarunia \ Benjamin Soenarko2, Deddy Kurniadi2, dan Wono S. Budhi3 1Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Universitas Kristen Maranatha JI. Prof. Drg. Soeria Soemantri 65, Bandung 40164 2 Departemen Teknik Fisika, Institut Teknologi Bandung 3Departemen Matematik, Institut Teknoiogi Bandung JI. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132
SIMULATING INFLUENCES OF OCEAN ATMOSPHERE FLUXES ON THE SMOKE HAZE DISTRIBUTION USING A COUPLED OCEAN ATMOSPHERE MODEL
Studies on empirical relationship between forest fire events and remote ocean forcings
has been long been performed. In most cases, not only the fire but its smoke haze that
creates more problems such as air pollution, traffic and transboundary haze problems.
The understanding of the cause and mechanism of the ocean role to the smoke haze
distribution from forest fire is quite rare. Humans are used to be blamed for fire
occurrences, while natural forcings such as local and remote oceans are regarded as
insignificant mostly. Lacks of data and tools are the main reason why progress on this
knowledge is rather slowly. The Indonesian Smoke Induced by Drought Episodes (INSIDE) project aims to determine the amount and distribution of smoke haze in Indonesia and the adjacent countries generated from vegetation and peat fires, and the related implications for
human health (e.g. respiratory diseases) and climate (droughts, floods, aerosol-cloud
interactions, C02 release). The INSIDE project offers a new tool with a regional and
coupled climate model between atmosphere and ocean. For the regional atmosphere
we use the Max Planck Institute (MPI) Regional Climate Model with a Tracer Extension
(REMOTE) for Indonesia, while for the ocean we use the MPI-Ocean Model. Using the
coupled modeling setup in comparison to the non coupling model setup, we will be
able to study the role of ocean and atmosphere fluxes and their contribution to the
smoke haze distribution. In this study, we found strong empirical correlation between forest fire events and ENSO activities over the Pacific from data between 1997 and 2004, however in 2005, the correlation fails due to large amount of fire in Riau. The cause of discrepancies is a
large scale phenomena occur in the South China Sea, which is famous as the winter
cold surge. The cold surge is an ocean atmosphere phenomenon that has an impact
over the surrounding ocean and atmosphere and an example of ocean atmosphere
driven forest fire. In further investigation using a coupled ocean atmospheric model, we found that the coupling causes less precipitation over the ocean especially over the South China Sea.
Since the surface and low altitude winds are relatively the same, thus the wet and dry
deposition is distributed at the wider range that that of the non-coupled simulation. The
smoke itself is distributed on a narrower area by the coupled simulation than by the
non-coupled ones. Keywords: coupled model, climate model, smoke haze, forest fire. Edvin Aldrian UPTHB - BPP Teknologi, JI MH Thamrin no 8, Jakarta 10340
e-mail: edvin@webmail.bppLqo.id, http://qeocities.com/e aldrian
Read more ....
has been long been performed. In most cases, not only the fire but its smoke haze that
creates more problems such as air pollution, traffic and transboundary haze problems.
The understanding of the cause and mechanism of the ocean role to the smoke haze
distribution from forest fire is quite rare. Humans are used to be blamed for fire
occurrences, while natural forcings such as local and remote oceans are regarded as
insignificant mostly. Lacks of data and tools are the main reason why progress on this
knowledge is rather slowly. The Indonesian Smoke Induced by Drought Episodes (INSIDE) project aims to determine the amount and distribution of smoke haze in Indonesia and the adjacent countries generated from vegetation and peat fires, and the related implications for
human health (e.g. respiratory diseases) and climate (droughts, floods, aerosol-cloud
interactions, C02 release). The INSIDE project offers a new tool with a regional and
coupled climate model between atmosphere and ocean. For the regional atmosphere
we use the Max Planck Institute (MPI) Regional Climate Model with a Tracer Extension
(REMOTE) for Indonesia, while for the ocean we use the MPI-Ocean Model. Using the
coupled modeling setup in comparison to the non coupling model setup, we will be
able to study the role of ocean and atmosphere fluxes and their contribution to the
smoke haze distribution. In this study, we found strong empirical correlation between forest fire events and ENSO activities over the Pacific from data between 1997 and 2004, however in 2005, the correlation fails due to large amount of fire in Riau. The cause of discrepancies is a
large scale phenomena occur in the South China Sea, which is famous as the winter
cold surge. The cold surge is an ocean atmosphere phenomenon that has an impact
over the surrounding ocean and atmosphere and an example of ocean atmosphere
driven forest fire. In further investigation using a coupled ocean atmospheric model, we found that the coupling causes less precipitation over the ocean especially over the South China Sea.
Since the surface and low altitude winds are relatively the same, thus the wet and dry
deposition is distributed at the wider range that that of the non-coupled simulation. The
smoke itself is distributed on a narrower area by the coupled simulation than by the
non-coupled ones. Keywords: coupled model, climate model, smoke haze, forest fire. Edvin Aldrian UPTHB - BPP Teknologi, JI MH Thamrin no 8, Jakarta 10340
e-mail: edvin@webmail.bppLqo.id, http://qeocities.com/e aldrian
CALCULA TION OF THE RESIDUAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION ON WELDING PROCESS FOR THE T-CONECTION OF THE PIPING SYSTEM
Study on modeling and calculation of the residual stress on welding process was performed in the Tee junction of the piping system. The welding material standard with the specification of
heat conductivity of k = 13,5x106 WI "K.m2 and thermal expansion of a = 13x10-6
mmlmm was used as a calculation model. The residual stress was calculated by
iteration of the strain which was obtained from the temperature distribution during the
cooling process on the welding to the room temperature with temperature simulation
of 1200"C at the welded area. The calculation was done by the finite element method
using the 3 dimension modeling of ANSYS 5.4. program. The stress distribution
showed the residual stress on the welded area was 300 to 400 MPa, while at the
material of piping was 30 to 170 MPa. The stress concentration could be observed at
the welded junction which was occurred in the inner and surface junction, with the
maximum stress of 440 MPa. Based on the calculation result, it can be concluded that
the computation method can predict the average and the maximum of residual stress
from the stress concentration. Keywords: residual stress, welding, Tee junction, finite element B. Bandriyana Pusat Teknologi Bahan Industri Nuklir- BATAN
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heat conductivity of k = 13,5x106 WI "K.m2 and thermal expansion of a = 13x10-6
mmlmm was used as a calculation model. The residual stress was calculated by
iteration of the strain which was obtained from the temperature distribution during the
cooling process on the welding to the room temperature with temperature simulation
of 1200"C at the welded area. The calculation was done by the finite element method
using the 3 dimension modeling of ANSYS 5.4. program. The stress distribution
showed the residual stress on the welded area was 300 to 400 MPa, while at the
material of piping was 30 to 170 MPa. The stress concentration could be observed at
the welded junction which was occurred in the inner and surface junction, with the
maximum stress of 440 MPa. Based on the calculation result, it can be concluded that
the computation method can predict the average and the maximum of residual stress
from the stress concentration. Keywords: residual stress, welding, Tee junction, finite element B. Bandriyana Pusat Teknologi Bahan Industri Nuklir- BATAN
TWO-DIMENSIONAL HYDRODYNAMICS COMPUTER SIMULATION ON THE FORMATION OF TERRESTRIAL COMET TAIL DUE TO SOLAR WIND BLOWS
Hydrodynamics pressure due to relative motion of the terrestrial comet when approaching the Sun is simulated in two-dimensional space. The ambient solar wind introduced relative momentum on the comet materials. The material evaporates and left behind the comet-head as a tail. Direction of the tail-vector always opposes to thedirection of motion if it is still far enough from the Sun. Before a tail is formed, it is obvious from our simulations that outer-most soft material will firstly dismantle and evaporate. The soft material is blown away and the tail is formed subsequently.
Keywords: Solar wind, hydrodynamic simulations, comet tail formation. Bambang Setiahadi Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) Watukosek, Gempol, P.O. Box 04, Pasuruan 67155, East Java phone:0343851887,Fax:0343852311,HP:085648626737 e-mail: bsetiapx14@yahoo.co.id
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Keywords: Solar wind, hydrodynamic simulations, comet tail formation. Bambang Setiahadi Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) Watukosek, Gempol, P.O. Box 04, Pasuruan 67155, East Java phone:0343851887,Fax:0343852311,HP:085648626737 e-mail: bsetiapx14@yahoo.co.id
3D Simulation of the Orbital Motions of the Comets
We have performed simulation of the orbital motions of the comets relative to the nine
planets based on a solar system simulator {1}. The orbital data are obtained from the
Minor Planet Center (MPC). As much as 132 comets were used in this simulation. The
results show that the orbits of the comets scatter widely from the inner solar system up
to a region very far from the Pluto's orbit. This orbital distribution suggests that the
comets are originated from a region far away from the Sun. Some comets have orbits
crossing the Earth's orbit so that they are potential to collide with the Earth in the
future. By comparing to the distribution of the asteroids' orbits, as well as based on the
observations and the results of two-dimensional hydrodynamics computer simulation
{B], some comets may become asteroids when they break-up and their gas and icy
water evaporate completely. Keywords: solar system simulator, comets, orbital motions, virtual worlds Bachtiar Anwar Division of Applied Geomagnetism and Space Electromagnetism
National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) JI. Dr. Junjunan 133, Bandung 40173, Indonesia E-mail: ba_anwar@yahoo.com
Read more ....
planets based on a solar system simulator {1}. The orbital data are obtained from the
Minor Planet Center (MPC). As much as 132 comets were used in this simulation. The
results show that the orbits of the comets scatter widely from the inner solar system up
to a region very far from the Pluto's orbit. This orbital distribution suggests that the
comets are originated from a region far away from the Sun. Some comets have orbits
crossing the Earth's orbit so that they are potential to collide with the Earth in the
future. By comparing to the distribution of the asteroids' orbits, as well as based on the
observations and the results of two-dimensional hydrodynamics computer simulation
{B], some comets may become asteroids when they break-up and their gas and icy
water evaporate completely. Keywords: solar system simulator, comets, orbital motions, virtual worlds Bachtiar Anwar Division of Applied Geomagnetism and Space Electromagnetism
National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) JI. Dr. Junjunan 133, Bandung 40173, Indonesia E-mail: ba_anwar@yahoo.com
Pengaruh Reputasi dan Kepercayaan dalam Pengembangan Perangkat Lunak Sumber Terbuka Lokal Sebuah Studi Eksplorasi dengan Simulasi Berbasis Agen
Pengembangan perangkat lunak sumber terbuka (PLST) sebagian besar dilakukan oleh pemrogram yang melakukannya secara sukarela. Mereka tidak mendapat keuntungan tinansial secara langsung, namun usaha mereka akan meningkatkan reputasi dan kompetensi yang dalam jangka- panjang juga bisa memberikan keuntungan finansial bagi mereka. Saat ini telah banyak pebisnis yang turut mendorong penyebaran dan pengembangan PLST dengan cara mengomersialkan PLST pada pasar teknologi informasi. Pebisnis tidak harus membayar pada pengembang PLST, namun pengakuan bahwa produk yang mereka jual didasarkan pada PLST tersebut sangat diharapkan pengembang, karena akan meningkatkan popularitas PLST tersebut beserta pengembangnya. Di negara-negara yang sangat terpercaya (high trust society) pengembangan PLST menjadi sangat maju, antara lain karena adanya pengakuan tersebut. Model berbasis agen da/am kertas ini akan menjelaskan apa dampak keterpercayaan (trust) pada pengembangan PLST. Dari percobaan didapatkan hasil bahwa selain adanya pebisnis yang terpercaya, pengembangan PLST juga ditentukan oleh kombinasi jum/ah pemrogram dan jumlah proyek PLST. Agar pengembangan PLST lokal bisa bertahan, dibutuhkan pemrogram per proyek PLST dalam jumlah tertentu. Kata Kunci: perangkat lunak sumber terbuka, PLST, model berbasis agen, Ikbal Maulana, Pusat Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi, BPPT Email: ikbal@inn.bppt.qo.id
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PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI SIMULASI DALAM PENGEMBANGANPESAWATUDARA
keyword : design validation-tool, training-aid, pilot-aircraft compatibility, pilot-intheloop simulation, closed-loop handling qualities, parameter trade-off study, simulation fidelity, spin-off, cost-effective. Makalah ini mengulas -secara global- penerapan teknologi simulasi pada wahana transportasi; khususnya pengembangan pesawat udara N250 dan CN235 serta ilustrasi singkat perluasan segmen aplikasi yang merupakan lontaran (spin-off) dari teknologi simulasi pesawat udara yang terakumulasi di PT Dirgantara Indonesia. Kandungan teknologi dan rekayasa pengembangan simulator maupun uji-simulasi untuk menunjang validasi rancang-bangun produk/ wahana, dibahas implementasinya. Teknologi simulasi terbukti merupakan metodologi yang handal, cost-effective untuk memenuhi kebutuhan prediksi dan investigasi karakteristik sistim dinamik. Namun demikian, kadar realitas (sense of realism) simulasi yang dihasilkan bergantung kepada representasi dan kompleksitas sistim simulator yang dipergunakan. Koento H. Baiquni, Pusat Uji Terbang, PT Oirgantara Indonesia. JI. Pajajaran 154, Bandung 40174. e-mail: baiquni@indonesaian-aerospace.com
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BUY THE SERVICE SEBUAH SOlUSI GUNA MENINGKATKAN KINERJA ANGKUTAN UMUM DI PERKOTAAN
Kemacetan dengan segala konsekuensinya adalah masalah umum yang sedang dan
akan dihadapi oleh kota - kota besar di Indonesia. Kondisi tersebut terjadi karena
tidak adanya keseimbangan/keadilan kebijakan - kebijakan publik yang dikeluarkan
pemerintah terhadap kendaraan pribadi dan angkutan umum. Pembangunan jalan
layang (fly over), under pass, jalan tol adalah contoh kebijakan yang berpihak kepada
angkutan pribadi (private cars). Pada sisi lain kinerja angkutan umum akan terus
terdesak/menurun seiring dengan menurunnya kinerja jaringan ja/an sebagai akibat
dari peningkatan penggunaan kendaraan pribadi. Guna meningkatkan kinerja
angkutan umum maka Salah satu kebijakan yang harus dilakukan pemerintah ada/ah
"membeli semua perja/anan" atau buy the service dan kemudian merencanakan
kembali angkutan umum yang aman, nyaman dan handa/, yang dibarengi dengan
"mengganggu kenyamanan penggunaan kendaraan pribadi". Dana pembelian dapat
berasal dari Transport fun yang dibentuk pemerintah. Sucipto, Perencana Madya PTIS - BPPT
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akan dihadapi oleh kota - kota besar di Indonesia. Kondisi tersebut terjadi karena
tidak adanya keseimbangan/keadilan kebijakan - kebijakan publik yang dikeluarkan
pemerintah terhadap kendaraan pribadi dan angkutan umum. Pembangunan jalan
layang (fly over), under pass, jalan tol adalah contoh kebijakan yang berpihak kepada
angkutan pribadi (private cars). Pada sisi lain kinerja angkutan umum akan terus
terdesak/menurun seiring dengan menurunnya kinerja jaringan ja/an sebagai akibat
dari peningkatan penggunaan kendaraan pribadi. Guna meningkatkan kinerja
angkutan umum maka Salah satu kebijakan yang harus dilakukan pemerintah ada/ah
"membeli semua perja/anan" atau buy the service dan kemudian merencanakan
kembali angkutan umum yang aman, nyaman dan handa/, yang dibarengi dengan
"mengganggu kenyamanan penggunaan kendaraan pribadi". Dana pembelian dapat
berasal dari Transport fun yang dibentuk pemerintah. Sucipto, Perencana Madya PTIS - BPPT
SISTEM TRANSPORT AS I UDARA DIINDONESIA: KONDISI TERKINI, TANTANGAN, DAN PELUANG DI MASA DEPAN
Information paper ini secara umum memberikan gambaran tentang timbulnya berbagai kecenderungan yang terjadi di dunia penerbangan, yang menuntut konsekuensi keselarasan / harmonisasi pada berbagai industri penerbangan (aviation industries) terkait; sekaligus mengajak berbagai pihak terkait untuk ikut berperan serta dan bersinergi dalam pembangunan transportasi udara di Indonesia, sesuai kompetensi dan ruang Iingkup bisnisnya. Fadli Soesilo
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PENGARUH pH DAN SUHU UMP AN PADA SUHU PROSES ADSORPSI 32PDAN 1311DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KARBON AKTIF TEMPURUNG KELAP A
The using of active carbon of coconut shell for adsorbing 32Pand 1311was based on the abundancy and cost of coconuts in Indonesia. Therefore, the influence of pH and temperature of feed solution on ability of active carbon of coconut shell adsorbing 32Pand 1311 has been studied. The -100+80 mesh coconut shell carbon was heated at 6000 C for 2 hours and activated with 1.75M of HN03 solution for 25 hours. Carbon was dried at 1200C for 1 hour. pH of solutions that consist of 0.5 g active carbon and 10 ml32P or 1311were varied on 5, 6,7,8 and 9.200 ul effluent form each sample was dried and counted by GM. Similar steps was done in varying feed temperatures on 400 C, 550C, 700C, and 850 C. The result of study shows that pH and feed temperature affect the adsorption of 32P and 1311.Adsorption decreases with increaasing of acidity or basidity of feed. So that, pH 7 of feed is the optimum pH. Adsorption also decreases with temperature increasing. The temperature of feed which gives the maximum Decontamination Factor (OF) is 270C. The Anion Exchange Capacity of coconut shell is very low compared to theoritical anion exchange capacity of resin. Keywords: pH, temperature, adsorption, active carbon, coconut. Susetyo Hario Plltera, Widya Rosita, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gajah Mada Diah Hidayanti S. Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir
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COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION PATTERN IN DISEASE VECTOR CONTOL PROGRAM IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES.
In general, it can be stated that the failure of community participation in vector control due to the short of appreciation toward local community leader roles and the existing social values, or even because of inadequate health education performance. In Sri Lanka, one of the problems was that the communities were not got proper knowledge about epidemiology and ecology related to the issue, even worse it had also affected the other health program activies. In Puerto Rico, it was clear that the longterm community support was very crucial, and top-down aproach was not effective. In this country, community-based health education had been developed, and they were encouraged to be responsible toward vector control activities in their own environment. In China, community become more cooperated in mosquitoe control after using fish predator Clarias fuscus, because it can be eaten or saleable. The key success of community participation in Singapore,wass the availability of government regulation and its strict law enforcement, health personnel were responsible for health education, but they were also capable of become law enforcer. In Thailand, vector control program become more successful after involving several related parties, such as schools, nongovernment organizations, and the local governments. Whereas in Indonesia, the vector control program was done by implementing integrated and partnership approaches. Key words: communihJ, control, participation, vector. Hendro Martono Badan Litbangkes, Depkes, Jakarta
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PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH INDUSTRI MATERIALMILLINGSTONE SEBAGAI MATRIKS BETON
Have been conducted the making of concrete material based on industrial waste as matrix (millingstone,solid mineral waste from cement industnJ). The concrete making procedure was conducted by mixing cement Portland, sand (aggregate), millings tone, and water as mixer. Concrete volume composition variable respectively, that is 1:1:6, 1:1:7, 1:1:8, 1:2:5, 1:2:7, and 1:0:7 % vol. After all material composition mixed, the density target is 2 glcm3 (structural density concrete) and aging process was done during 28 days at room temperature (according to construction standard). Concrete making was conducted by tamping flat method. Then it pressed (at room ten/perature) to homogenize and enlarge the contact of surface area among compiler material. Hereinafter the concrete was tested by compressive strength test, both under normal circumstances and after flammable test during 1hour based on SNI 036815-2002 standard and physical test that is density and water absorption measurement. Obtained based on the test result, the densihj value is 1.98 - 2.06 glcm3, water absorption is 7.62 - 8.21 % (without significant shrinkage), and compressive strength is 6890 -10671 kN/m2. Keywords: Industrial mineral waste, millings tone material, cement, concrete, tamping flat. Deni S. Khaerlldini, Mllljadi, Anggito P. Tetllko, dan P. Sebayang Pusat Penelitian Fisika - LIPI, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang
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The Effect of Sintering Soaking Time on Microstructural and Properties of CaCu3Mn4012System
The synthesis of CaCu~n4012 (CCMO) has been accomplished via solid-state reaction. The mixture was
calcined at 850 DC for 12 hours. Temperature of 1090 °c has been chosen with 6 differ soaking time ranging from 1 hour
to 24 hours. The CCMO formation was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure analysis was
carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while electrical properties have been studied
using AutoLab POSTAT 30 Frequency Analyser. Results shows that differ soaking time for sintering introduce unique
properties for CCMO. Microstructural analysis reveal that soaking time more than 12 hours produce grains with almost
uniform shape. The physical densification of the sintered pellets promotes the creation of new conduction channels and
increase of intergrain effective area for transport current under conductivity properties. Results for bulk conductivity
vary from 0.2148 x 10-4to 0.5825 X 10-4Stcm.
Keywords: CaCu3Mil4012'solid-state reaction, bulk conductivityA.R. Mohd Warikh1, A.Z. Ahmad Zahirani2, S.D. Hutagalung2, A. Zainal Ahmad2
IDepartment of Engineering Material, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Locked Backed 1200, Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melak, Malaysia.
2School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus,
University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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calcined at 850 DC for 12 hours. Temperature of 1090 °c has been chosen with 6 differ soaking time ranging from 1 hour
to 24 hours. The CCMO formation was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure analysis was
carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while electrical properties have been studied
using AutoLab POSTAT 30 Frequency Analyser. Results shows that differ soaking time for sintering introduce unique
properties for CCMO. Microstructural analysis reveal that soaking time more than 12 hours produce grains with almost
uniform shape. The physical densification of the sintered pellets promotes the creation of new conduction channels and
increase of intergrain effective area for transport current under conductivity properties. Results for bulk conductivity
vary from 0.2148 x 10-4to 0.5825 X 10-4Stcm.
Keywords: CaCu3Mil4012'solid-state reaction, bulk conductivityA.R. Mohd Warikh1, A.Z. Ahmad Zahirani2, S.D. Hutagalung2, A. Zainal Ahmad2
IDepartment of Engineering Material, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Locked Backed 1200, Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melak, Malaysia.
2School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus,
University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Oxidation of Ni and Ni-5% W
Oxidation of cube textured (100) <001> Ni and Ni-5%W foils were studied in order to verify ifNiO surface
layer could be fonned on Ni-W similar to that Ni.The principle aim of this study is to prescribe the basic conditions for
growing a compact, adherent, smooth, and cube texture NiO suitable to be used as a buffer layer in coated conductor,
high temperature superconductor architecture. It was found that for Ni 30Jlm thick (002) NiO were fonned at oxidation
temperature of 1250 ± lOoe in air for 60 min. Under the same oxidation condition, (002) NiO with duplex-type
morphology was fonned on Ni-5%W which reduces the mechanical integrity of the sample. Furthennore, due to oxygen
diffusion during the oxidation process, sphericalNiW04 fonned inside the Ni-W substrate.
Keywords: Oxidation, nickel, nickel oxide, nickel-tungsten, rolling assisted biaxially textured substrateZ. Lockman\ M. H. Jamaluddin\ R. Nast2
I School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal,Penang, Malaysia,
2Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Technische Physik, Karlsruhe, Germany
Read more ....
layer could be fonned on Ni-W similar to that Ni.The principle aim of this study is to prescribe the basic conditions for
growing a compact, adherent, smooth, and cube texture NiO suitable to be used as a buffer layer in coated conductor,
high temperature superconductor architecture. It was found that for Ni 30Jlm thick (002) NiO were fonned at oxidation
temperature of 1250 ± lOoe in air for 60 min. Under the same oxidation condition, (002) NiO with duplex-type
morphology was fonned on Ni-5%W which reduces the mechanical integrity of the sample. Furthennore, due to oxygen
diffusion during the oxidation process, sphericalNiW04 fonned inside the Ni-W substrate.
Keywords: Oxidation, nickel, nickel oxide, nickel-tungsten, rolling assisted biaxially textured substrateZ. Lockman\ M. H. Jamaluddin\ R. Nast2
I School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal,Penang, Malaysia,
2Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Technische Physik, Karlsruhe, Germany
Physical Identification of Binary System of GliclazideHydrophilic Polymers Using X-Ray Diffraction
The formation of binary system in pharmaceutical solid state is aimed to improve the physicochemical
characteristics of active compound, such as its solubility. To identify the physical change of the binary system including
crystallinity or particle morphology, there are many methods can be applied. In present report, we study the physical
interaction of the binary system of gliclazide and hydrophilic polymers. In this binary system, gliclazide was either
dispersed or mixed with polyvinyl pirrolidone (PVP K30) or polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). The dispersion system of
gliclazide in the polymeric carriers was prepared by solvation-evaporation method, using dichloromethane/methylene
chloride as an organic solvent. The physical characterization of both dispersed and mixed of gliclazide was studied using
X-ray diffraction at interval 6-50°/28. As a comparison, the same procedure was performed for pure gliclazide. To
confirm the diffractogram of this binary system, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was carried out as
well. Both diffarctogram and FT-IR spectra revealed that there was no new compound formed in the solid dispersion
system of gliclazide:PEG 6000 and gliclazide:PVP K30. In contrast, the solubility as well as the dissolution rate of
gliclazide in the presence of both hydrophilic polymers was increased as compared to pure gliclazide. We conclude
therefore that solvatation followed by evaporation of gliclazide in the presence of either PEG 6000 or PVP K30 did not
alter its crystalline characteristic. The improved of gliclazide solubility in the binary system might due to other
mechanism such as increased in the wettability and the hydrophylicity effect of the polymers.
Keywords: Solid dispersion, gliclazide, binary system, X-ray diffractometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, solubility, dissolutionH. Rachmawati, Yatinasari, Faizatun, S. A. Syarie
Research Group of Pharmaceutics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40/32 Indonesia
Read more ....
characteristics of active compound, such as its solubility. To identify the physical change of the binary system including
crystallinity or particle morphology, there are many methods can be applied. In present report, we study the physical
interaction of the binary system of gliclazide and hydrophilic polymers. In this binary system, gliclazide was either
dispersed or mixed with polyvinyl pirrolidone (PVP K30) or polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). The dispersion system of
gliclazide in the polymeric carriers was prepared by solvation-evaporation method, using dichloromethane/methylene
chloride as an organic solvent. The physical characterization of both dispersed and mixed of gliclazide was studied using
X-ray diffraction at interval 6-50°/28. As a comparison, the same procedure was performed for pure gliclazide. To
confirm the diffractogram of this binary system, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was carried out as
well. Both diffarctogram and FT-IR spectra revealed that there was no new compound formed in the solid dispersion
system of gliclazide:PEG 6000 and gliclazide:PVP K30. In contrast, the solubility as well as the dissolution rate of
gliclazide in the presence of both hydrophilic polymers was increased as compared to pure gliclazide. We conclude
therefore that solvatation followed by evaporation of gliclazide in the presence of either PEG 6000 or PVP K30 did not
alter its crystalline characteristic. The improved of gliclazide solubility in the binary system might due to other
mechanism such as increased in the wettability and the hydrophylicity effect of the polymers.
Keywords: Solid dispersion, gliclazide, binary system, X-ray diffractometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, solubility, dissolutionH. Rachmawati, Yatinasari, Faizatun, S. A. Syarie
Research Group of Pharmaceutics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40/32 Indonesia
Polyblends ofPoly(vinyl alcohol) and POIY(E-caprolactone) and Their Properties
The increasing volume of plastic has caused the serious problem in environment. One way to solve this
problem is preparation of new plastic materials which can be decomposed by microorganisms in environment. These
plastics may be prepared from non-biodegradable material by modification of theirs physical and chemical properties,
preparation of theirs copolymers and polyblends. The main problem in preparation of polyblends is compatibility
between polymers mixtures. In this work has focused on preparation of polyblends between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PYA)
and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) in various compositions by casting of polymers solution. Characterizations of
polyblends were carried out by analysis of functional groups (FTIR), thermal property (DSC and TGAlDTA),
mechanical properties (Tensile tester), and crystallinity (XRD). The results of polyblends showed that the compatible
and homogeneous polyblends were obtained in solvent composition (dimethyl sulfoxide / tetrahydrofurane)
(DMSOffHF) of 3:I and PCL ratio in polyblends less than 15% (w/w). The absorption intensity of carbonyl and alkyl
groups observed in 1725 cm-l and 2940 cm-1 increased with increasing PCL composition in polyblends. The melting
point (Tm) and fusion enthalpy (MIm) for PCL region in polyblends decreased with decreasing PCL composition, but
melting point (Tm) and fusion of enthalpy (MIm) for PYA region increased. The total fusion enthalpy value obtained by
observation was smaller than that of calculation value, indicating the presence of interaction between PCL and PYA to
form a part of compatible polyblends with more amorphous structure. The mechanical properties of polyblends tended to
decrease with increasing PCL ratio in polyblends. These results were supported by analysis of crystallinity with using Xray
diffraction.
Keywords: Poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(e-caproplactone), polyblends, and compatibility.I M. Arcana and L. Alia
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Research Groups, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
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problem is preparation of new plastic materials which can be decomposed by microorganisms in environment. These
plastics may be prepared from non-biodegradable material by modification of theirs physical and chemical properties,
preparation of theirs copolymers and polyblends. The main problem in preparation of polyblends is compatibility
between polymers mixtures. In this work has focused on preparation of polyblends between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PYA)
and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) in various compositions by casting of polymers solution. Characterizations of
polyblends were carried out by analysis of functional groups (FTIR), thermal property (DSC and TGAlDTA),
mechanical properties (Tensile tester), and crystallinity (XRD). The results of polyblends showed that the compatible
and homogeneous polyblends were obtained in solvent composition (dimethyl sulfoxide / tetrahydrofurane)
(DMSOffHF) of 3:I and PCL ratio in polyblends less than 15% (w/w). The absorption intensity of carbonyl and alkyl
groups observed in 1725 cm-l and 2940 cm-1 increased with increasing PCL composition in polyblends. The melting
point (Tm) and fusion enthalpy (MIm) for PCL region in polyblends decreased with decreasing PCL composition, but
melting point (Tm) and fusion of enthalpy (MIm) for PYA region increased. The total fusion enthalpy value obtained by
observation was smaller than that of calculation value, indicating the presence of interaction between PCL and PYA to
form a part of compatible polyblends with more amorphous structure. The mechanical properties of polyblends tended to
decrease with increasing PCL ratio in polyblends. These results were supported by analysis of crystallinity with using Xray
diffraction.
Keywords: Poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(e-caproplactone), polyblends, and compatibility.I M. Arcana and L. Alia
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Research Groups, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
SANS Study of Micellar Structures on Oil Solubilization
Micellar structures of cationic alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (CnTAB) surfactants for different chain
lengths (n=12, 14 and 16) in aqueous solution on the addition of two oils benzene and hexane have been studied by
small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Measurements have been performed for fixed 0.1 M concentration of surfactant
and oil. It is found that the size and the aggregation number of the micelles increase on oil solubilization with increase in
oil concentration. The effect is more pronounced for larger size of the micelles having longer chain length and also for
the oil benzene than hexane. The axial ratio of the micelles shows a large increase and the effective charge on the
micelles decreases on addition of oil. There is only a small increase in semiminor axis on addition of oil, which suggests
that distribution of oil is uniform inside the micellar core.
Keywords: Small-angle neutron scattering, micelles, oil solubilization.J. V. Joshit, V. K. Aswae and P. S. Goyal1
1UGC-DAE CSR, Mumbai Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
2Solid State Physics Division, BhabhaAtomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
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lengths (n=12, 14 and 16) in aqueous solution on the addition of two oils benzene and hexane have been studied by
small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Measurements have been performed for fixed 0.1 M concentration of surfactant
and oil. It is found that the size and the aggregation number of the micelles increase on oil solubilization with increase in
oil concentration. The effect is more pronounced for larger size of the micelles having longer chain length and also for
the oil benzene than hexane. The axial ratio of the micelles shows a large increase and the effective charge on the
micelles decreases on addition of oil. There is only a small increase in semiminor axis on addition of oil, which suggests
that distribution of oil is uniform inside the micellar core.
Keywords: Small-angle neutron scattering, micelles, oil solubilization.J. V. Joshit, V. K. Aswae and P. S. Goyal1
1UGC-DAE CSR, Mumbai Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
2Solid State Physics Division, BhabhaAtomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
Preparation of Self-assembly Mesoporous Ti02 Using Block Copolymer Pluronic PE6200 Template
In this research, nanocrystal mesoporous TiOz powders were synthesized by sol-gel method, with TiCl4 as a
precursor in methanol solution. Block copolymer Pluronic PE 6200 was used as pores template. It was found that from
the XRD measurements, both at 400°C and 450°C calcination temperatures, resulted in nanocrystal TiOz with anatase
phase. Based on Nz adsorption characterization (BET method), TiOz samples have surface area 108 mZ/g and 88 mZ/g for
400°C and 450°C calcination temperatures respectively. From Small-angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) patterns, it is
investigated that TiOz samples have mesoporous structure where the pore order degree depend on the calcination
temperature.
Keywords: Titanium dioxide, mesoporous material, sol-gel method, self-assembly, block copolymer, SANS.W. Septina, B. Yuliarto, and Nugraha
Material Processing Laboratory, Engineering Physics Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jt. Ganesha No. 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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precursor in methanol solution. Block copolymer Pluronic PE 6200 was used as pores template. It was found that from
the XRD measurements, both at 400°C and 450°C calcination temperatures, resulted in nanocrystal TiOz with anatase
phase. Based on Nz adsorption characterization (BET method), TiOz samples have surface area 108 mZ/g and 88 mZ/g for
400°C and 450°C calcination temperatures respectively. From Small-angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) patterns, it is
investigated that TiOz samples have mesoporous structure where the pore order degree depend on the calcination
temperature.
Keywords: Titanium dioxide, mesoporous material, sol-gel method, self-assembly, block copolymer, SANS.W. Septina, B. Yuliarto, and Nugraha
Material Processing Laboratory, Engineering Physics Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jt. Ganesha No. 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Zircon Supported Copper Catalysts for the Steam Reforming of Methanol
Steam reforming of methanol (SRM) is known as one of the most favorable catalytic processes for producing
hydrogen. Current research on zirconia, Zro2 supported copper catalyst revealed that CuO/zr02 as an active catalyst for
the SRM. Zircon, ZrSi04 is available from the by-product of tin mining. In the work presented here, the catalytic
properties of CuO/ZrSi04 with various copper oxide compositions ranging from 2.70% (catalyst I), 4.12% (catalyst II),
and 7.12 %-mass (catalyst III), synthesized by an incipient wetness impregnation technique, were investigated to
methanol conversion, selectivity towards CO formation, and effect of ZnO addition (7.83%CuO/8.01%ZnO/ZrSi04 =
catalyst V). The catalytic activity was obtained using a fixed bed reactor and the zircon supported catalyst activity was
compared to those of CuO/ZnO/AI203 catalyst (catalyst IV) and commercial Kujang LTSC catalyst. An X-ray powder
diffraction (XRD) analysis was done to identify the abundant phases of the catalysts. The catalysts topography and
particle diameter were measured with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and composition of the catalysts was
measured by SEM-EDX, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive using X-ray analysis. The results of this
research provide information on the possibility of using zircon (ZrSi04) as solid support for SRM catalysts.
Keywords: Steam reforming of methanol; incipient wetness impregnation technique; CuO/ZrSi04; CO formation. M. Widiastri, Fendy, and I N. Marsih Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, fl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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hydrogen. Current research on zirconia, Zro2 supported copper catalyst revealed that CuO/zr02 as an active catalyst for
the SRM. Zircon, ZrSi04 is available from the by-product of tin mining. In the work presented here, the catalytic
properties of CuO/ZrSi04 with various copper oxide compositions ranging from 2.70% (catalyst I), 4.12% (catalyst II),
and 7.12 %-mass (catalyst III), synthesized by an incipient wetness impregnation technique, were investigated to
methanol conversion, selectivity towards CO formation, and effect of ZnO addition (7.83%CuO/8.01%ZnO/ZrSi04 =
catalyst V). The catalytic activity was obtained using a fixed bed reactor and the zircon supported catalyst activity was
compared to those of CuO/ZnO/AI203 catalyst (catalyst IV) and commercial Kujang LTSC catalyst. An X-ray powder
diffraction (XRD) analysis was done to identify the abundant phases of the catalysts. The catalysts topography and
particle diameter were measured with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and composition of the catalysts was
measured by SEM-EDX, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive using X-ray analysis. The results of this
research provide information on the possibility of using zircon (ZrSi04) as solid support for SRM catalysts.
Keywords: Steam reforming of methanol; incipient wetness impregnation technique; CuO/ZrSi04; CO formation. M. Widiastri, Fendy, and I N. Marsih Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, fl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Mechanical Alloying of Mg2Ni Hydrogen Storage Alloy
After milling for 20 days, Mg2Ni has produced about 36 J.1mparticles as measured by particle size distribution
and scanning electron microscopy. At this stage Mg2Ni alloy phases was formed as proven by X-ray diffraction. Energydispersive
analysis analyses show that the elemental percentage of Mg and Ni is 67.8 % and 32.2 %, respectively. Those
which are suitable for use as hydrogen storage alloy in nickel metal hydride batteries.
Keywords: Mechanical Alloying, Mg2Ni alloy, X-ray diffraction.A. Azmin Mohamad
School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia
14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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and scanning electron microscopy. At this stage Mg2Ni alloy phases was formed as proven by X-ray diffraction. Energydispersive
analysis analyses show that the elemental percentage of Mg and Ni is 67.8 % and 32.2 %, respectively. Those
which are suitable for use as hydrogen storage alloy in nickel metal hydride batteries.
Keywords: Mechanical Alloying, Mg2Ni alloy, X-ray diffraction.A. Azmin Mohamad
School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia
14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Synthesis and Characterization of In-situ Copper-Niobium Carbide Com posite
In this work, synthesis of copper matrix composite powder reinforced by in situ niobium carbide particle was
prepared by mechanical alloying of elemental powder and subsequent heat treatment. Elemental powders of Cu-Nb-C
correspond to Cu-40wt%Nb-1O%wtC composition was milled for 54 hours at room temperature in a planetary ball mill.
The effect of heat treatment temperature on the formation of niobium carbide was analyzed. Characterization by X-ray
diffraction was done on the milled powder and heat-treated powder in order to investigate NbC formation. Results
indicate that NbC began to precipitate after mechanical alloying for about 54h with heat treatment temperature of 900°C
and lOOO°C.
Keywords: X-ray diffraction, in situ composite, mechanical alloying, copper matrix compositeH. Zuhailawati\ R.Othmanl, D.L. Buil, M. Umemoto2
ISchool of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
2Department of Production Systems Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
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prepared by mechanical alloying of elemental powder and subsequent heat treatment. Elemental powders of Cu-Nb-C
correspond to Cu-40wt%Nb-1O%wtC composition was milled for 54 hours at room temperature in a planetary ball mill.
The effect of heat treatment temperature on the formation of niobium carbide was analyzed. Characterization by X-ray
diffraction was done on the milled powder and heat-treated powder in order to investigate NbC formation. Results
indicate that NbC began to precipitate after mechanical alloying for about 54h with heat treatment temperature of 900°C
and lOOO°C.
Keywords: X-ray diffraction, in situ composite, mechanical alloying, copper matrix compositeH. Zuhailawati\ R.Othmanl, D.L. Buil, M. Umemoto2
ISchool of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
2Department of Production Systems Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
The Electronic Structure ofWurtzite MnS
Manganese sulfide thin films have been investigated by X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy
(XAFS). XAFS provides a description of the structure of the films. The paper also presents a structural characterisation
of the wurtzite MnS thin films and their crystallisation behaviour by annealing at increasing temperatures. The x-ray
absorption fine structure (XAFS) ofMn K-edge and S K-edge in wurtzite MnS have been investigated. The full multiple
scattering approach has been applied to the calculation of Mn Kedge XANES spectra of MnS. The calculations are
based on different choices of one electron potentials according to Mn coordinations by using the real space multiple
scattering method FEFF 8.0 code. The crystallographic and electronic structure of the MnS are tested at various
temperature ranges from 300 to 573 K. We have found prominent changes in theXANES spectra of Mangeanese sulfide
thin films by the change of the temperature. Such observed changes are explained by considering the structural,
electronic and spectroscopic properties. The results are consistent with experimental spectra.
Keywords: MnS Thin Film, Electronic Properties, Chalcogenide, XANESO. Murat Ozkendir, A. Turker Tuzemen, Y. Ufuktepe
Physics Department, University ofCukurova, OJ330 Adana, Turkey
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(XAFS). XAFS provides a description of the structure of the films. The paper also presents a structural characterisation
of the wurtzite MnS thin films and their crystallisation behaviour by annealing at increasing temperatures. The x-ray
absorption fine structure (XAFS) ofMn K-edge and S K-edge in wurtzite MnS have been investigated. The full multiple
scattering approach has been applied to the calculation of Mn Kedge XANES spectra of MnS. The calculations are
based on different choices of one electron potentials according to Mn coordinations by using the real space multiple
scattering method FEFF 8.0 code. The crystallographic and electronic structure of the MnS are tested at various
temperature ranges from 300 to 573 K. We have found prominent changes in theXANES spectra of Mangeanese sulfide
thin films by the change of the temperature. Such observed changes are explained by considering the structural,
electronic and spectroscopic properties. The results are consistent with experimental spectra.
Keywords: MnS Thin Film, Electronic Properties, Chalcogenide, XANESO. Murat Ozkendir, A. Turker Tuzemen, Y. Ufuktepe
Physics Department, University ofCukurova, OJ330 Adana, Turkey
Characterization of a Water-based Surfactant Stabilized Ferrofluid by Different Scattering Techniques
Different scattering techniques dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and
small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) have been used to characterize a water-based surfactant stabilized ferrofluid
having ferrite (F~04) particles coated with oleic acid. DLS gives the overall size of the particle along with the
thickness of the surfactant (oleic acid) coating and water of hydration attached to the particle. SAXS only measures
the size of the ferrite particle due to poor contrast of surfactant coating for X-rays. SANS with the possibility to vary
the contrast provides both the size of the ferrite particle and the thickness of the surfactant coating on the particle.
Keywords: Ferrofluid, dynamic light scattering, small-angle scatteringV.K. Aswall, s. N. Chodankarl, P.U. Sastryl, P.A. Hassan2 and R.V. Upadhyal
1Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
2Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
3Department of Physics, Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar 364 002, India
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small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) have been used to characterize a water-based surfactant stabilized ferrofluid
having ferrite (F~04) particles coated with oleic acid. DLS gives the overall size of the particle along with the
thickness of the surfactant (oleic acid) coating and water of hydration attached to the particle. SAXS only measures
the size of the ferrite particle due to poor contrast of surfactant coating for X-rays. SANS with the possibility to vary
the contrast provides both the size of the ferrite particle and the thickness of the surfactant coating on the particle.
Keywords: Ferrofluid, dynamic light scattering, small-angle scatteringV.K. Aswall, s. N. Chodankarl, P.U. Sastryl, P.A. Hassan2 and R.V. Upadhyal
1Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
2Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
3Department of Physics, Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar 364 002, India
Structure of Biologically Active Organotin(IV) Dithiocarbamates
The diorganotin(IV) complexes of dithiocarbamates derived from trom N-ethyl-n-propylamine (EtPrdtc), 2-dimethylaminoethylamine (Me2Etdtc), 3-dimethlyamino-l-propylamine (Me2Prdtc), p-tolylmethanamine (TyIMetdtc) and N-methyl-I-phenylmethanamine (MePhMetdtc) have been synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies on Ph3Sn(EtPrdtc), Me2Sn(MePhMetdtc:h and BU2Sn(MePhMetdtc:hshowed that the complexes adopted a monoclinic system with space group P(2)/n, P21/n and C2/c, respectively. The Ph3Sn(EtPrdtc) complex adopted a trigonal pyramidal structure while the Me2Sn(MePhMetdtc)2 and BU2Sn(MePhMetdtc:hcomplexes displayed structures which may be described as distorted octahedrons. Cytotoxicity test using HL60 cells (human promyelocytic leukemic) showed that only Me2Sn(M~Etdtc), Me2Sn(MePhMetdtc:h and BU2Sn(MePhMetdtc)2complexes were active. The rest of the complexes did not show cytotoxicity behaviour towards HL60 cells. Keywords: Organotin dithiocarbamates, Biologically active, Structure.Y. Farina, M. Sanuddin and B. M. Yamin School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Neutron Radiographic Inspection of Industrial Components using Kamini Neutron Source Facility
Kamini (Kalpakkam Mini) reactor is a U233 fuelled, dernineralised light water moderated and cooled, beryllium oxide reflected, low power (30 kW) nuclear research reactor. This reactor functions as a neutron source with a flux of 1012 n/cm2 S·I at core centre with facilitates for carrying out neutron radiography, neutron activation analysis and neutron shielding experiments. There are two beam tubes for neutron radiography. The length/diameter ratio of the collimators is about 160 and the aperture size is 220 mm x 70 mm. Flux at the outer end of the beam tube is _ 106 - 107 n/cm2 s. The north end beam tube is for radiography of inactive object while the south side beam tube is for radiography of radioactive objects. The availability of high neutron flux coupled with good collimated beam provides high quality radiographs with short exposure time. The reactor being a unique national facility for neutron radiography has been utilized in the examination of irradiated components, aero engine turbine blades, riveted plates, automobile chain links and for various types of pyro devices used in the space programme. In this paper, an overview of the salient features of this reactor facility for neutron radiography and our experience in the inspection of a variety of industrial components will be given. Keywords: Kamini, neutron radiography, flux, LID ratio, thermal neutron, pyro device, turbine blade, roller chainN. Raghu, V. Anandaraj, K.V. Kasiviswanathan and P. Kalyanasundaram Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam - 603102, India
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Design of the Mechanical Parts for the Neutron Guide System at HANARO
The research reactor HANARO (High-flux Advanced Neutron Application ReactOr) in Korea will be equipped with a neutron guide system, in order to transport cold neutrons from the neutron source to the neutron scattering instruments in the neutron guide hall near the reactor building. The neutron guide system of HANARO consists of the in-pile plug assembly with in-pile guides, the primary shutter with in-shutter guides, the neutron guides in the guide shielding room with dedicated secondary shutters, and the neutron guides connected to the instruments in the neutron guide hall. Functions of the in-pile plug assembly are to shield the reactor environment from nuclear radiation and to support the neutron guides and maintain them precisely oriented. The primary shutter is a mechanical structure to be installed just after the in-pile plug assembly, which stops neutron flux on demand. This paper describes the design of the in-pile assembly and the primary shutter for the neutron guide system at HANARO. The design of the guide shielding assembly for the primary shutter and the neutron guides is also presented. Keywords: neutron guide, in-pile plug, primary shutter.J. W. Shi.q,Y. G. Cho, S. J. Cho and J. S Ryu Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1045 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-353, Korea
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Monochromatic Neutron Tomography Using I-D PSD Detector at Low Flux Research Reactor
This paper describes the monochromatic neutron tomography experiment using the 1-D Position Sensitive Neutron Detector (PSD) located at Nuclear Malaysia TRIGA MARK II Research reactor. Experimental work was perfonned using monochromatic neutron source from beryllium filter and HOPG crystal monochromator. The principal main aim of this experiment was to test the detector efficiency, image reconstruction algorithm and the usage of 0.5 nm monochromatic neutrons for the neutron tomography setup. Other objective includes gathering important parameters and features to characterize the system. Keywords: monochromatic neutron, neutron tomography, Position Sensitive Neutron Detector. N. Abidin Asharil, J. Mohamad SalehI, M. Zaid Abdullahl, A. Aziz Mohamed2, A. Azman2, R. Jamro2 ISchool of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia), 43000 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Improvements in the Image Quality of Neutron Radiograms ofNUR Neutron Radiography Facility by Using Several Exposure Techniques
Since the construction of NUR reactor neutron radiography facility in 1991, only transfer exposure method was used as a non destructive technique. The reason is the excess of gamma rays in the neutron beam. To improve radiation performances of the NR system, a stainless steal hollow conical cylinder is introduced at the bottom of the facility beam port, this filter reduce gamma infiltration through the edges of the NR structure without disturbing neutron beam arriving from the in pool divergent collimator. First results confmn our prediction; a gamma rays diminution and a relatively stable neutron flux at the point object are confmned, consequently the n/y ratio reaches a value of 2.104 n/cm2 mR. Radiograms obtained by using the direct exposure method reveal the feasibility of the technique in the new NR configuration facility, but a weak resolution and contrast of the image is observed. In this paper, we describe a procedure to improve the image quality obtained by direct exposure technique. The process consists of using digitized images obtained by several exposure techniques (NR, gamma radiography or X radiography) for a comparison study and then better image defmition can be attained. Keywords: neutron radiography, direct exposure technique, image quality, gamma raysT. Zergoug~, A. Nedjarl, M.Y. Mokeddeml, L. Mammoul Centre de Recherche Nucleaire de Draria, (CRND) BP 43 Draria 16000, Algiers, Algeria
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The Use of Rietveld Technique to Study Phase Composition and Developments of Calcium Aluminate
The phase composition and development of calcium aluminates (CA, CA2, and CA6) processed by in-situ
reaction sintering of AI203 and CaC03 have been studied by Rietveld refinement technique. The formation of calcium
aluminates is temperature-dependent. X-ray diffraction result revealed that the CA, CA2, and CA6 phases starts to
develop at approximately 1000DC,1100 °c and 1375DC,respectively. The relative phase compositions obtained from xray
diffraction patterns for the a-A1203 phase decreased markedly with increasing temperature, Le. from 86.0(1.1) wt %
at 1000 °c to 34.7(0.4) wt % at 1400DC.The wt % of CA decreased from 10.9(0.3) - 1.9(0.2) wt % at 1100 - 1200 °c
but disappeared at 1300 DC.The wt % of CA2 reached 36.0(0.7) wt % at 1300 °c and decreased to 18.5 (0.5) wt % at
1400°C. The wt % CA6 increased markedly from 1375 to 1400DC,i.e. 12.80(0.6)- 47.3(0.9) wt %. The goodness of fit
values is relatively low and the fluctuation in the difference plots shows a reasonable fit between the observed and the
calculated plot.
Keywords: X-ray diffraction, Rietveld technique, calcium aluminates (CA, CA2, and CA6).I. Ridwan and D. Asmi
iDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung,
Il.Sumantri Brojonegoro No.1, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia
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reaction sintering of AI203 and CaC03 have been studied by Rietveld refinement technique. The formation of calcium
aluminates is temperature-dependent. X-ray diffraction result revealed that the CA, CA2, and CA6 phases starts to
develop at approximately 1000DC,1100 °c and 1375DC,respectively. The relative phase compositions obtained from xray
diffraction patterns for the a-A1203 phase decreased markedly with increasing temperature, Le. from 86.0(1.1) wt %
at 1000 °c to 34.7(0.4) wt % at 1400DC.The wt % of CA decreased from 10.9(0.3) - 1.9(0.2) wt % at 1100 - 1200 °c
but disappeared at 1300 DC.The wt % of CA2 reached 36.0(0.7) wt % at 1300 °c and decreased to 18.5 (0.5) wt % at
1400°C. The wt % CA6 increased markedly from 1375 to 1400DC,i.e. 12.80(0.6)- 47.3(0.9) wt %. The goodness of fit
values is relatively low and the fluctuation in the difference plots shows a reasonable fit between the observed and the
calculated plot.
Keywords: X-ray diffraction, Rietveld technique, calcium aluminates (CA, CA2, and CA6).I. Ridwan and D. Asmi
iDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung,
Il.Sumantri Brojonegoro No.1, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia
Synthesis and Structural Properties of Fe Doped Lao.SSrO.2GaO.sMgo.203-o(LSGM) as Solid Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
L!IogSrO.2G!IogMgo203.~(LSGM) is perovskite base oxide material, which exhibits high ion oxygen
conductivity, and can it be applied as electrolyte material in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In order to reduce the fuel cell
operational temperature, high ionic conductivity must be obtained at lower temperature. High ionic conductivity can be
achieved by introducing impurity or defect into material. Doping with Fe for Mg site is expected to increase oxygen ion
conductivity in LSGM, since Fe atom has higher valence number (+3) compared with Mg (+2). The LSGM and LSGMF
(L!IogSro2G!IogMgo2.xFCx03.~with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) perovskite structure were synthesized by solid state reaction
technique at high temperature and it was sintered at 1350 °C for 24 hours. Crystal structures were analyzed using X-rays
diffractometer and refined using Rietica program. The lattice parameters were determined using Le Bail method in cubic
structure with space group of Pm3m. The cell parameters for L!IogSro2G!IosMgo2-xFCx03_~(with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15)
were a = 3.92023(1) A, a = 3.91056(7) A, a = 3.89459(9) A, and a = 3.92463(0) A. Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to study the grain morphology and elements
composition of the LSGMF in order to analyze the effect of Fe substitution.
Keywords: Perovskite, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, LSGM dope-Fe, Solid State Reaction, X-rays diffractionRusmiati, B. Prijamboedi, and Ismunandar
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Research Divisian,Facuity afMathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institut Telmalagi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA
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conductivity, and can it be applied as electrolyte material in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In order to reduce the fuel cell
operational temperature, high ionic conductivity must be obtained at lower temperature. High ionic conductivity can be
achieved by introducing impurity or defect into material. Doping with Fe for Mg site is expected to increase oxygen ion
conductivity in LSGM, since Fe atom has higher valence number (+3) compared with Mg (+2). The LSGM and LSGMF
(L!IogSro2G!IogMgo2.xFCx03.~with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) perovskite structure were synthesized by solid state reaction
technique at high temperature and it was sintered at 1350 °C for 24 hours. Crystal structures were analyzed using X-rays
diffractometer and refined using Rietica program. The lattice parameters were determined using Le Bail method in cubic
structure with space group of Pm3m. The cell parameters for L!IogSro2G!IosMgo2-xFCx03_~(with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15)
were a = 3.92023(1) A, a = 3.91056(7) A, a = 3.89459(9) A, and a = 3.92463(0) A. Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to study the grain morphology and elements
composition of the LSGMF in order to analyze the effect of Fe substitution.
Keywords: Perovskite, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, LSGM dope-Fe, Solid State Reaction, X-rays diffractionRusmiati, B. Prijamboedi, and Ismunandar
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Research Divisian,Facuity afMathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institut Telmalagi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA
Phase Compositions of Self Reinforcement AhOfCaAI12019 Composite using X-ray Diffraction Data and Rietveld Technique
The analysis of x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns by the Rietveld technique was tested to the quantitatively
phase compositions of self reinforcement AlzOiCaAl12019composite. Room-temperature XRD patterns revealed that aAl203was
the only phase presence in the CAOsample, whereas the a-A1203and CaAI12019phases were found for CA5,
CA15, CA30, and CA50 samples. The peak intensity of CA6 in the self reinforcement Alz03/CaA112019composites
increased in proportion with increase in CaAI12019content in contrast to a-AI203. The diffraction patterns for CA100
sample shows minor traces of a-Ah03 even in relatively low peak intensity. It is suggesting that the in-situ reaction
sintering of raw materials were not react completely to form 100 wt % CaAl12019at temperature 1650 DC.Quantitative
phase compositions of self reinforcement AlzOiCaAl12019composites by Rietveld analysis with XRD data has been
well demonstrated. The results showed that the OOF values are relatively low and the fluctuation in the difference plots
shows a reasonable fit between the observed and the calculated plot.
Keywords: X-ray diffraction, Rietveld technique, Al20iCaAl12019. D.Asmi, I.M.Law,and B.O.connor1Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung,
ll.Sumantri Brojonegoro No.1, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia
2Materials Research Group, Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology,
GPO Box U 1987, Perth, Western Australia
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phase compositions of self reinforcement AlzOiCaAl12019composite. Room-temperature XRD patterns revealed that aAl203was
the only phase presence in the CAOsample, whereas the a-A1203and CaAI12019phases were found for CA5,
CA15, CA30, and CA50 samples. The peak intensity of CA6 in the self reinforcement Alz03/CaA112019composites
increased in proportion with increase in CaAI12019content in contrast to a-AI203. The diffraction patterns for CA100
sample shows minor traces of a-Ah03 even in relatively low peak intensity. It is suggesting that the in-situ reaction
sintering of raw materials were not react completely to form 100 wt % CaAl12019at temperature 1650 DC.Quantitative
phase compositions of self reinforcement AlzOiCaAl12019composites by Rietveld analysis with XRD data has been
well demonstrated. The results showed that the OOF values are relatively low and the fluctuation in the difference plots
shows a reasonable fit between the observed and the calculated plot.
Keywords: X-ray diffraction, Rietveld technique, Al20iCaAl12019. D.Asmi, I.M.Law,and B.O.connor1Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung,
ll.Sumantri Brojonegoro No.1, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia
2Materials Research Group, Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology,
GPO Box U 1987, Perth, Western Australia
Synthesis and Characterization of Double Perovskite Sr2Mgl-xMnxMo06 as Anode Materials in Fuel Cell
The anode materials in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) require properties such as high electric conductivity,
high catalytic effect for hydrogen decomposition from hydrocarbon and good resistant to sulfur. For these purposes,
anode materials based on double perovskite structure, AzBB'06, were synthesized and studied. In this work, double
perovskite compounds, SrzMgl_xMnxMo06_0 (SMMMO) with 0 ~ x ~ I, were synthesized by means of solid state
reaction technique at 1350 °C. Crystal structures were determined using X-rays diffractometer and analyzed with the
RIETICA program, by employing Le Bail method. The oxides materials showed to adopt monoclinic structure with
space group of P211n. For SMMO with higher x, the lattice parameters and the unit-cell volume become smaller. SEM
(Scanning Microscope Electron) image, which gave the morphology of SMMMO showed that grains size was increased
with the increasing ofx. Meanwhile, the DC measurement for electrical conductivity as function of temperature revealed
that the conductivity increases with the increasing ofx.
Keywords: SMMO,double perovskite, SOFC, X-ray diffractionN. R. Sari, Ismunandar and B. Prijamboedi
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Research Division,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA
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high catalytic effect for hydrogen decomposition from hydrocarbon and good resistant to sulfur. For these purposes,
anode materials based on double perovskite structure, AzBB'06, were synthesized and studied. In this work, double
perovskite compounds, SrzMgl_xMnxMo06_0 (SMMMO) with 0 ~ x ~ I, were synthesized by means of solid state
reaction technique at 1350 °C. Crystal structures were determined using X-rays diffractometer and analyzed with the
RIETICA program, by employing Le Bail method. The oxides materials showed to adopt monoclinic structure with
space group of P211n. For SMMO with higher x, the lattice parameters and the unit-cell volume become smaller. SEM
(Scanning Microscope Electron) image, which gave the morphology of SMMMO showed that grains size was increased
with the increasing ofx. Meanwhile, the DC measurement for electrical conductivity as function of temperature revealed
that the conductivity increases with the increasing ofx.
Keywords: SMMO,double perovskite, SOFC, X-ray diffractionN. R. Sari, Ismunandar and B. Prijamboedi
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Research Division,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA
Effect of Sintering Ternperature on the Synthesis of High Purity Cordierite
Cordierite is silicate material widely used in ceramic industry. The effect of sintering temperature to the
properties of cordierite bysol gel method was studied with utilizing magnesium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, ethanol, and
tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as starting materials. Gels are dried and sintered at different temperature (lOOO°C,
1200°C, 1300°C and 1350°C) then characterized by varies analysis techniques. XRD analysis shows that spinel, 11cordierite
and cristobalite are formed at 1000°C which spinel as predominant phase. At 1200DC,l1-cordieriteoccured as
predominant phase, spinel, sapphirine and cristobalite are formed as minor phases. It also confirmed that high purity acordierite
formed at 1300 °C and clearly observed at 1350 DC.Result of EDX analysis proved that magnesium,
aluminum, silicon and oxygen was existed in the cordierite.
Keywords: Cordierite, sol-gel, TEOS, coefficient thermal expansion.Y. P. Chao, T. Y. Chow and H. Mohamad
School of Material and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Engineering Campus 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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properties of cordierite bysol gel method was studied with utilizing magnesium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, ethanol, and
tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as starting materials. Gels are dried and sintered at different temperature (lOOO°C,
1200°C, 1300°C and 1350°C) then characterized by varies analysis techniques. XRD analysis shows that spinel, 11cordierite
and cristobalite are formed at 1000°C which spinel as predominant phase. At 1200DC,l1-cordieriteoccured as
predominant phase, spinel, sapphirine and cristobalite are formed as minor phases. It also confirmed that high purity acordierite
formed at 1300 °C and clearly observed at 1350 DC.Result of EDX analysis proved that magnesium,
aluminum, silicon and oxygen was existed in the cordierite.
Keywords: Cordierite, sol-gel, TEOS, coefficient thermal expansion.Y. P. Chao, T. Y. Chow and H. Mohamad
School of Material and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Engineering Campus 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
The Influence of Base Concentration on the Surface Particle of Lithium Aluminosilicate System
The study of base concentration effect toward surface particles of lithium aluminosilicate glass ceramic
system has been done by using NaOH solution.The parent glass with composition of 60% Si02, 31% Li20, 6% Al203
and 3% Ti02 in wtOlowas prepared by melting process at 1250 °C prior to quenching rapidly to room temperature.
Sintering and crystallization process on this parent glass were carefully examined by Differential thermal analysis
(DTA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Based on these analyses, the selected crystal has been chosen as a precursor
material. There are two controlling parameter involved in this study i.e. NaOH concentration and leaching period. The
morphology of the glass ceramic particle was observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The
result shows that by increasing the basic concentration as well as increasing the soaking leaching period, the tendency of
glass ceramic particle to leach out is relatively high.
Keywords: Lithium aluminosilicate, glass ceramic, leaching, porous1.M. Nazri, M. A. Sri Asliza and R. Othman
School of Material and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang,Malaysia
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system has been done by using NaOH solution.The parent glass with composition of 60% Si02, 31% Li20, 6% Al203
and 3% Ti02 in wtOlowas prepared by melting process at 1250 °C prior to quenching rapidly to room temperature.
Sintering and crystallization process on this parent glass were carefully examined by Differential thermal analysis
(DTA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Based on these analyses, the selected crystal has been chosen as a precursor
material. There are two controlling parameter involved in this study i.e. NaOH concentration and leaching period. The
morphology of the glass ceramic particle was observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The
result shows that by increasing the basic concentration as well as increasing the soaking leaching period, the tendency of
glass ceramic particle to leach out is relatively high.
Keywords: Lithium aluminosilicate, glass ceramic, leaching, porous1.M. Nazri, M. A. Sri Asliza and R. Othman
School of Material and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus
Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang,Malaysia
The Synthesis and Characterization of Titania Nanotubes Formed at Various Anodisation Time
One-dimensional (10) nanostructured titania such as nanowires, nanorod and nanotubes have attracted
considerable attention recently due to their unique physical properties and their potential application in water
photoelectrolysis, photocatalysis, gas sensing, and photovoltaic. In this work, a simple anodisation method has been
developed to fabricate titania nanotubes in 1M Na2S04 containing various amount of NH4F. The dimension of the titania
nanotube produced depend on tlle electrochemical process parameter: composition of the electrolyte, pH of the
electrolyte and time of anodisation. As for this paper, the effect of fluoride content and anodisation time on the
formation of titania nanotube was discussed in detaiL The nanotubes formed were analyzed by field emission scanning
electron microscope (FESEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRO). The minimum fluoride content that is required to form
nice well ordered nanotube for sample anodized for 30 minutes is O.3g whereas for 120 minutes is O.lg.
Keywords: titania nanotube, fluoride, anodizationS. Sreekantan, L. M. Hung, Z. Lockman, Z. A. Ahmad and A. F. Mohd Noor
School of Materials & Mineral Resource Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia
14300, Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Malaysia
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considerable attention recently due to their unique physical properties and their potential application in water
photoelectrolysis, photocatalysis, gas sensing, and photovoltaic. In this work, a simple anodisation method has been
developed to fabricate titania nanotubes in 1M Na2S04 containing various amount of NH4F. The dimension of the titania
nanotube produced depend on tlle electrochemical process parameter: composition of the electrolyte, pH of the
electrolyte and time of anodisation. As for this paper, the effect of fluoride content and anodisation time on the
formation of titania nanotube was discussed in detaiL The nanotubes formed were analyzed by field emission scanning
electron microscope (FESEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRO). The minimum fluoride content that is required to form
nice well ordered nanotube for sample anodized for 30 minutes is O.3g whereas for 120 minutes is O.lg.
Keywords: titania nanotube, fluoride, anodizationS. Sreekantan, L. M. Hung, Z. Lockman, Z. A. Ahmad and A. F. Mohd Noor
School of Materials & Mineral Resource Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia
14300, Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Malaysia
Ferroelectric Properties of Ba2Bi4Tis018 Doped with Pb2+ A13+ Ga3+ 103+ TaS+ Aurivillius Phases
In recent years, bismuth layer structured ferroelectrics (BLSFs) have been given much attention because some
materials, such as Ba2B4 Tis018, are excellent candidate materials for nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memory
(FRAM) applications. BLSFs are also better candidates because of their higher Curie points. Recently, we have carried
out computer simulation in atomic scale in order to ~redict the energies associated with the accommodation of aliovalent
and isovalent dopants (Pb2+, Ae+, Ga3+, In3+, Ta +) in the Aurivillius structure of Ba2B4 Tis018. In this work, the
predicted stable phases were synthesized using solid state reactions and their products then were characterized using
powder X-ray diffraction method. The cell parameters were determined using Rietveld refinement in orthorhombic
system with space group of B2cb. The cell parameters for Ba2B4 TisOl8 doped with Pb2+, AI3+, Ga3+,In3+, Tas+ were
a = 5.5006(6) b = 5.4990(5) c = 50.5440(7) A; a = 5.5012(4) b = 5.4986(8) c = 50.5449(7) A; a = 5.5006(3) b =
5.4999(3) c = 50.5437(9) A; a = 5.5007(4) b = 5.4989(7) c = 50.5446(6) A; and a = 5.5000(5) b = 5.4995(8) c =
50.5436(6) A. Results from the ferroelectric properties measurement for Ba2B4 TisOl8 doped with Pb2+, Ae+, Ga3+, In3+,
Tas+ were Pr = 16.7 f..lC/cm2,Ec = 35.1 kV/cm; Pr= 15.9 f..lC/cm2,Ec = 33.8 kV/cm; Pr = 15.6 f..lC/cm2,Ec = 34.2 kV/cm;
Pr= 15.3 f..lC/cm2,Ec= 34.0 kV/cm; Pr= 16.9 f..lC/cm2,Ec= 35.6 kV/cm.
Keywords: Aurivillius phase, Rietveld refinement, ferroelectric properties, Ba2B4 Tis018. A. Rosyidah1, D. Onggo1, Khairurrijal2 and Ismunandar1
Ilnorganic & Physical Chemistry Research Division, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
2 Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
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materials, such as Ba2B4 Tis018, are excellent candidate materials for nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memory
(FRAM) applications. BLSFs are also better candidates because of their higher Curie points. Recently, we have carried
out computer simulation in atomic scale in order to ~redict the energies associated with the accommodation of aliovalent
and isovalent dopants (Pb2+, Ae+, Ga3+, In3+, Ta +) in the Aurivillius structure of Ba2B4 Tis018. In this work, the
predicted stable phases were synthesized using solid state reactions and their products then were characterized using
powder X-ray diffraction method. The cell parameters were determined using Rietveld refinement in orthorhombic
system with space group of B2cb. The cell parameters for Ba2B4 TisOl8 doped with Pb2+, AI3+, Ga3+,In3+, Tas+ were
a = 5.5006(6) b = 5.4990(5) c = 50.5440(7) A; a = 5.5012(4) b = 5.4986(8) c = 50.5449(7) A; a = 5.5006(3) b =
5.4999(3) c = 50.5437(9) A; a = 5.5007(4) b = 5.4989(7) c = 50.5446(6) A; and a = 5.5000(5) b = 5.4995(8) c =
50.5436(6) A. Results from the ferroelectric properties measurement for Ba2B4 TisOl8 doped with Pb2+, Ae+, Ga3+, In3+,
Tas+ were Pr = 16.7 f..lC/cm2,Ec = 35.1 kV/cm; Pr= 15.9 f..lC/cm2,Ec = 33.8 kV/cm; Pr = 15.6 f..lC/cm2,Ec = 34.2 kV/cm;
Pr= 15.3 f..lC/cm2,Ec= 34.0 kV/cm; Pr= 16.9 f..lC/cm2,Ec= 35.6 kV/cm.
Keywords: Aurivillius phase, Rietveld refinement, ferroelectric properties, Ba2B4 Tis018. A. Rosyidah1, D. Onggo1, Khairurrijal2 and Ismunandar1
Ilnorganic & Physical Chemistry Research Division, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
2 Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) Studies on Kenaf Dust Filled Chitosan Bio-composites
Kenaf dust filled chitosan bio-composites with various compositions of kenaf dust (i.e. 7%, 14%, 21% and
28%) were prepared using solution casting technique.The degree of relative crystallinity of the bio-composites was
determined using XRD method. Two distinguishable crystalline peaks were observed in the 28 range of 5 to 40° which
indexed as 020 and 110 respectively. It was noted that the maximum peak of intensity at 020 crystalline peak increased
with addition of kenaf dust as well as the second maximum peak of intensity at 110. Consequently, Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to investigate the interaction between kenaf dust and chitosan matrix. From FTIR
analysis, corresponding peak of chitosan was detected at wavelength of 3233.2cm-1 indicated that there exist
intermolecular interactions between kenaf dust and chitosan matrix. These results highlighted that there are greater
intermolecular forces formed in chitosan with addition of kenaf dust. Intermolecular forces were attributed to the
formation of inter and intra hydrogen bonding between chitosan polymer and cellulosic kenaf dust filler.
Keywords: Chitosan, X-ray diffraction, FTIR. N. Muhd Julkapli and H. Md Akil
School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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28%) were prepared using solution casting technique.The degree of relative crystallinity of the bio-composites was
determined using XRD method. Two distinguishable crystalline peaks were observed in the 28 range of 5 to 40° which
indexed as 020 and 110 respectively. It was noted that the maximum peak of intensity at 020 crystalline peak increased
with addition of kenaf dust as well as the second maximum peak of intensity at 110. Consequently, Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to investigate the interaction between kenaf dust and chitosan matrix. From FTIR
analysis, corresponding peak of chitosan was detected at wavelength of 3233.2cm-1 indicated that there exist
intermolecular interactions between kenaf dust and chitosan matrix. These results highlighted that there are greater
intermolecular forces formed in chitosan with addition of kenaf dust. Intermolecular forces were attributed to the
formation of inter and intra hydrogen bonding between chitosan polymer and cellulosic kenaf dust filler.
Keywords: Chitosan, X-ray diffraction, FTIR. N. Muhd Julkapli and H. Md Akil
School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Structural Studies of Protein-Surfactant Complexes
The structure of protein-surfactant complexes of two proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme in
presence of anionic surfactant sodiumdodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been studied using small-angle neutron scattering
(SANS). It is observed that these two proteins form different complex structures with the surfactant. While BSA protein
undergoes unfolding on addition of surfactant, lysozyme does not show any unfolding even up to very high surfactant
concentrations. The unfolding of BSA protein is caused by micelle-like aggregation of surfactant molecules in the
complex. On the other hand, for lysozyme protein there is only binding of individual surfactant molecules to protein.
Lysozyme in presence of higher surfactant concentrations has protein-surfactant complex structure coexisting with pure
surfactant micelles.
Keywords: Small-angle neutron scattering, Protein-surfactant complex, Protein unfolding. S. N. Chodankar, V. K. Aswal and A. G. Wagh
Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India
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presence of anionic surfactant sodiumdodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been studied using small-angle neutron scattering
(SANS). It is observed that these two proteins form different complex structures with the surfactant. While BSA protein
undergoes unfolding on addition of surfactant, lysozyme does not show any unfolding even up to very high surfactant
concentrations. The unfolding of BSA protein is caused by micelle-like aggregation of surfactant molecules in the
complex. On the other hand, for lysozyme protein there is only binding of individual surfactant molecules to protein.
Lysozyme in presence of higher surfactant concentrations has protein-surfactant complex structure coexisting with pure
surfactant micelles.
Keywords: Small-angle neutron scattering, Protein-surfactant complex, Protein unfolding. S. N. Chodankar, V. K. Aswal and A. G. Wagh
Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, India
Residual Stress Measurement of Titanium Casting Alloy by Neutron Diffraction
Neutron stress measurement can detect strain and stress information in deep region because of large
penetration ability of neutron beams.The present paper describes procedure and results in the residual stress
measurement of titanium casting alloy by neutron diffraction. In this study, the three axial method using Hooke's
equation was employed for neutron stress measurement. This method was applied to the cylindrical shape sample of
titanium casting alloy (Ti-6AI-4V). Form the results of this study, this sample has large crystal grain in the inside whole
position, it is assumed this large grain was grown up during casting manufacture process. Furthermore, the peak profile
used to the stress measurement appears in very weak because of the HCP crystal system of titanium character and effect
of large crystal grain. These conditions usually make difficult to measure the accuracy values of residual stresses.
Therefore, it had to spend a long time to measure the satisfied data from titanium sample. Regarding to the results of
stress measurement, the stress values in the cylindrical sample of three directions is almost same tendency, and residual
stresses change from the compressive state in the outer part to the tensile state in the inner part gradually.
Keywords: Titanium, Residual stress, Neutron diffraction, Nondestructive estimation.M. Nishidal,*, T. Jing2, M. R. Muslih3 and T. Hanabusa4
JDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe, Japan
2School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin institute of Technology, Harbin, China
3Neutron Scattering Laboratory, BATAN, Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong , Indonesia
4Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
Read more ....
penetration ability of neutron beams.The present paper describes procedure and results in the residual stress
measurement of titanium casting alloy by neutron diffraction. In this study, the three axial method using Hooke's
equation was employed for neutron stress measurement. This method was applied to the cylindrical shape sample of
titanium casting alloy (Ti-6AI-4V). Form the results of this study, this sample has large crystal grain in the inside whole
position, it is assumed this large grain was grown up during casting manufacture process. Furthermore, the peak profile
used to the stress measurement appears in very weak because of the HCP crystal system of titanium character and effect
of large crystal grain. These conditions usually make difficult to measure the accuracy values of residual stresses.
Therefore, it had to spend a long time to measure the satisfied data from titanium sample. Regarding to the results of
stress measurement, the stress values in the cylindrical sample of three directions is almost same tendency, and residual
stresses change from the compressive state in the outer part to the tensile state in the inner part gradually.
Keywords: Titanium, Residual stress, Neutron diffraction, Nondestructive estimation.M. Nishidal,*, T. Jing2, M. R. Muslih3 and T. Hanabusa4
JDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe, Japan
2School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin institute of Technology, Harbin, China
3Neutron Scattering Laboratory, BATAN, Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong , Indonesia
4Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
The Effect of Sintering Soaking Time on Microstructural and Properties of CaCu3Mn4012System
The synthesis of CaCu~n4012 (CCMO) has been accomplished via solid-state reaction. The mixture was
calcined at 850 DC for 12 hours. Temperature of 1090 °c has been chosen with 6 differ soaking time ranging from 1 hour
to 24 hours. The CCMO formation was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure analysis was
carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while electrical properties have been studied
using AutoLab POSTAT 30 Frequency Analyser. Results shows that differ soaking time for sintering introduce unique
properties for CCMO. Microstructural analysis reveal that soaking time more than 12 hours produce grains with almost
uniform shape. The physical densification of the sintered pellets promotes the creation of new conduction channels and
increase of intergrain effective area for transport current under conductivity properties. Results for bulk conductivity
vary from 0.2148 x 10-4to 0.5825 X 10-4Stcm.
Keywords: CaCu3Mil4012'solid-state reaction, bulk conductivity. A.R. Mohd Warikh1, A.Z. Ahmad Zahirani2, S.D. Hutagalung2, A. Zainal Ahmad2
IDepartment of Engineering Material, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Locked Backed 1200, Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melak, Malaysia.
2School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus,
University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Read more ....
calcined at 850 DC for 12 hours. Temperature of 1090 °c has been chosen with 6 differ soaking time ranging from 1 hour
to 24 hours. The CCMO formation was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure analysis was
carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while electrical properties have been studied
using AutoLab POSTAT 30 Frequency Analyser. Results shows that differ soaking time for sintering introduce unique
properties for CCMO. Microstructural analysis reveal that soaking time more than 12 hours produce grains with almost
uniform shape. The physical densification of the sintered pellets promotes the creation of new conduction channels and
increase of intergrain effective area for transport current under conductivity properties. Results for bulk conductivity
vary from 0.2148 x 10-4to 0.5825 X 10-4Stcm.
Keywords: CaCu3Mil4012'solid-state reaction, bulk conductivity. A.R. Mohd Warikh1, A.Z. Ahmad Zahirani2, S.D. Hutagalung2, A. Zainal Ahmad2
IDepartment of Engineering Material, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Locked Backed 1200, Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melak, Malaysia.
2School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus,
University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Oxidation of Ni and Ni-5% W
Oxidation of cube textured (100) <001> Ni and Ni-5%W foils were studied in order to verify ifNiOsurface
layer could be fonned on Ni-W similar to that Ni. The principle aim of this study is to prescribe the basic conditions for
growing a compact, adherent, smooth, and cube texture NiO suitable to be used as a buffer layer in coated conductor,
high temperature superconductor architecture. It was found that for Ni 30Jlm thick (002) NiO were fonned at oxidation
temperature of 1250 ± lOoe in air for 60 min. Under the same oxidation condition, (002) NiO with duplex-type
morphology was fonned on Ni-5%W which reduces the mechanical integrity of the sample. Furthennore, due to oxygen
diffusion during the oxidation process, sphericalNiW04 fonned inside the Ni-W substrate.
Keywords: Oxidation, nickel, nickel oxide, nickel-tungsten, rolling assisted biaxially textured substrateZ. Lockman\ M. H. Jamaluddin\ R. Nast2
I School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal,Penang, Malaysia,
2Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Technische Physik, Karlsruhe, Germany
Read more ....
layer could be fonned on Ni-W similar to that Ni. The principle aim of this study is to prescribe the basic conditions for
growing a compact, adherent, smooth, and cube texture NiO suitable to be used as a buffer layer in coated conductor,
high temperature superconductor architecture. It was found that for Ni 30Jlm thick (002) NiO were fonned at oxidation
temperature of 1250 ± lOoe in air for 60 min. Under the same oxidation condition, (002) NiO with duplex-type
morphology was fonned on Ni-5%W which reduces the mechanical integrity of the sample. Furthennore, due to oxygen
diffusion during the oxidation process, sphericalNiW04 fonned inside the Ni-W substrate.
Keywords: Oxidation, nickel, nickel oxide, nickel-tungsten, rolling assisted biaxially textured substrateZ. Lockman\ M. H. Jamaluddin\ R. Nast2
I School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
14300 Nibong Tebal,Penang, Malaysia,
2Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Technische Physik, Karlsruhe, Germany
The Effect of Sintering Soaking Time on Microstructural and Properties of CaCu3Mn4012System
The synthesis of CaCu~n4012 (CCMO) has been accomplished via solid-state reaction. The mixture was
calcined at 850 DC for 12 hours. Temperature of 1090 °c has been chosen with 6 differ soaking time ranging from 1 hour
to 24 hours. The CCMO formation was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure analysis was
carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while electrical properties have been studied
using AutoLab POSTAT 30 Frequency Analyser. Results shows that differ soaking time for sintering introduce unique
properties for CCMO. Microstructural analysis reveal that soaking time more than 12 hours produce grains with almost
uniform shape. The physical densification of the sintered pellets promotes the creation of new conduction channels and
increase of intergrain effective area for transport current under conductivity properties. Results for bulk conductivity
vary from 0.2148 x 10-4to 0.5825 X 10-4Stcm.
Keywords: CaCu3Mil4012'solid-state reaction, bulk conductivity. A.R. Mohd Warikh1, A.Z. Ahmad Zahirani2, S.D. Hutagalung2, A. Zainal Ahmad2
IDepartment of Engineering Material, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Locked Backed 1200, Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melak, Malaysia.
2School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus,
University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Read more ....
calcined at 850 DC for 12 hours. Temperature of 1090 °c has been chosen with 6 differ soaking time ranging from 1 hour
to 24 hours. The CCMO formation was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure analysis was
carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while electrical properties have been studied
using AutoLab POSTAT 30 Frequency Analyser. Results shows that differ soaking time for sintering introduce unique
properties for CCMO. Microstructural analysis reveal that soaking time more than 12 hours produce grains with almost
uniform shape. The physical densification of the sintered pellets promotes the creation of new conduction channels and
increase of intergrain effective area for transport current under conductivity properties. Results for bulk conductivity
vary from 0.2148 x 10-4to 0.5825 X 10-4Stcm.
Keywords: CaCu3Mil4012'solid-state reaction, bulk conductivity. A.R. Mohd Warikh1, A.Z. Ahmad Zahirani2, S.D. Hutagalung2, A. Zainal Ahmad2
IDepartment of Engineering Material, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Locked Backed 1200, Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melak, Malaysia.
2School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus,
University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Residual Stress Measurement of Titanium Casting Alloy by Neutron Diffraction
Neutron stress measurement can detect strain and stress information in deep region because of large
penetration ability of neutron beams. The present paper describes procedure and results in the residual stress
measurement of titanium casting alloy by neutron diffraction. In this study, the three axial method using Hooke's
equation was employed for neutron stress measurement. This method was applied to the cylindrical shape sample of
titanium casting alloy (Ti-6AI-4V). Form the results of this study, this sample has large crystal grain in the inside whole
position, it is assumed this large grain was grown up during casting manufacture process. Furthermore, the peak profile
used to the stress measurement appears in very weak because of the HCP crystal system of titanium character and effect
of large crystal grain. These conditions usually make difficult to measure the accuracy values of residual stresses.
Therefore, it had to spend a long time to measure the satisfied data from titanium sample. Regarding to the results of
stress measurement, the stress values in the cylindrical sample of three directions is almost same tendency, and residual
stresses change from the compressive state in the outer part to the tensile state in the inner part gradually.
Keywords: Titanium, Residual stress, Neutron diffraction, Nondestructive estimation. M. Nishidal,*, T. Jing2, M. R. Muslih3 and T. Hanabusa4
JDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe, Japan
2School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin institute of Technology, Harbin, China
3Neutron Scattering Laboratory, BATAN, Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong , Indonesia
4Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
Read more ....
penetration ability of neutron beams. The present paper describes procedure and results in the residual stress
measurement of titanium casting alloy by neutron diffraction. In this study, the three axial method using Hooke's
equation was employed for neutron stress measurement. This method was applied to the cylindrical shape sample of
titanium casting alloy (Ti-6AI-4V). Form the results of this study, this sample has large crystal grain in the inside whole
position, it is assumed this large grain was grown up during casting manufacture process. Furthermore, the peak profile
used to the stress measurement appears in very weak because of the HCP crystal system of titanium character and effect
of large crystal grain. These conditions usually make difficult to measure the accuracy values of residual stresses.
Therefore, it had to spend a long time to measure the satisfied data from titanium sample. Regarding to the results of
stress measurement, the stress values in the cylindrical sample of three directions is almost same tendency, and residual
stresses change from the compressive state in the outer part to the tensile state in the inner part gradually.
Keywords: Titanium, Residual stress, Neutron diffraction, Nondestructive estimation. M. Nishidal,*, T. Jing2, M. R. Muslih3 and T. Hanabusa4
JDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe, Japan
2School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin institute of Technology, Harbin, China
3Neutron Scattering Laboratory, BATAN, Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong , Indonesia
4Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
Residual Stress Estimation of Ti Casting Alloy by X-ray Single Crystal Measurement Method
Recently, titanium casting teclmology attracts attention in tile industrial fields. These casting metals are
including a various residual stresses due to the heat shrinkage and inclusion particles, et a!. In order to apply the casting
teclmology, the accurate estimation of residual stresses is desired in many cases. In iliis study, it aims at the
nondestructive stress evaluation of titanium casting material by the X-ray stress measurement teclmique. At first in this
study, the sin21Jf method which used in the usual X-ray stress measurement was tried to measure the residual stresses.
However, it was unsuitable for measurement of titanium casting material because of including coarse grains. Therefore,
another X-ray method for single crystal system was employed to coarse crystal grains, in order to investigate the
possibilities of residual stress estimating. Four-axes sample table which can set tile both of tilt angle and rotate one on
the sample surface was prepared. The stereographic diagrams and the theory of elasticity were used to measure tl1e
single crystal stresses on the sample surface.
Keywords: Titanium (Ti), X-ray, residual stress measurement, casting alloy. A. Shirol, M. Nishida2, T. ling3
IAdvanced Course of Mechanical System engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
2Department of Mechanical engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
3School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
Read more ....
including a various residual stresses due to the heat shrinkage and inclusion particles, et a!. In order to apply the casting
teclmology, the accurate estimation of residual stresses is desired in many cases. In iliis study, it aims at the
nondestructive stress evaluation of titanium casting material by the X-ray stress measurement teclmique. At first in this
study, the sin21Jf method which used in the usual X-ray stress measurement was tried to measure the residual stresses.
However, it was unsuitable for measurement of titanium casting material because of including coarse grains. Therefore,
another X-ray method for single crystal system was employed to coarse crystal grains, in order to investigate the
possibilities of residual stress estimating. Four-axes sample table which can set tile both of tilt angle and rotate one on
the sample surface was prepared. The stereographic diagrams and the theory of elasticity were used to measure tl1e
single crystal stresses on the sample surface.
Keywords: Titanium (Ti), X-ray, residual stress measurement, casting alloy. A. Shirol, M. Nishida2, T. ling3
IAdvanced Course of Mechanical System engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
2Department of Mechanical engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
3School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
Small Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering in the Study of Polymers and Supramolecular Systems
Some recent work carried out in our research group on complex structures found in polymers and
supramolecular systems, using Small Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering (SAXS and SANS) methods, are reviewed.
These include, Combined SAXS and SANS study of superlattice structures in pure and mixed model polymers; Realtime
SANS study of transient phases during polymer crystallization; Columnar phases with polygonal cross-sections in
T-shaped polyphilic compounds;Complex 3-d phases formed by packing spherical objects (e.g. micelles self-assembled
from tree-like molecules), including the recently discovered liquid quasi-crystals which possess 12-fold rotational
symmetry. Examples of powder, fibre or surface oriented, and single-domain diffractions will be given. Reconstruction
of electron density maps as well as computer modelling are also applied to help solving various complex structures. Keywords: SAXS, SANS, GI-SAXS, supramolecules, liquid crystal. X. B. Zengl, F. Liul, F. Xie\ G. Ungar\ C. Tschierske2, 1. E. Macdonald3
I Department of Engineering Materials, Sheffield University, Sheffield Sl 3JD, United Kingdom
2 Institute of Organic Chemistry, University Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
Read more ....
supramolecular systems, using Small Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering (SAXS and SANS) methods, are reviewed.
These include, Combined SAXS and SANS study of superlattice structures in pure and mixed model polymers; Realtime
SANS study of transient phases during polymer crystallization; Columnar phases with polygonal cross-sections in
T-shaped polyphilic compounds;Complex 3-d phases formed by packing spherical objects (e.g. micelles self-assembled
from tree-like molecules), including the recently discovered liquid quasi-crystals which possess 12-fold rotational
symmetry. Examples of powder, fibre or surface oriented, and single-domain diffractions will be given. Reconstruction
of electron density maps as well as computer modelling are also applied to help solving various complex structures. Keywords: SAXS, SANS, GI-SAXS, supramolecules, liquid crystal. X. B. Zengl, F. Liul, F. Xie\ G. Ungar\ C. Tschierske2, 1. E. Macdonald3
I Department of Engineering Materials, Sheffield University, Sheffield Sl 3JD, United Kingdom
2 Institute of Organic Chemistry, University Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
SANS and SAXS Study of Block and Graft Copolymers Containing Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) are excellent techniques to
study nano-scale concentration fluctuations in the two-component polymer systems such as block and graft copolymers
and polymer blends. The miscibility, phase transitions, microphase-separated structures and interface thicknesses were
investigated by SANS and SAXS for the block and graft copolymers, which at least contain natural or synthetic rubber
as one component.
Keywords: Block copolymer, graft copolymer, SAXS, SANS. H. Hasegawa
Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
Read more ....
study nano-scale concentration fluctuations in the two-component polymer systems such as block and graft copolymers
and polymer blends. The miscibility, phase transitions, microphase-separated structures and interface thicknesses were
investigated by SANS and SAXS for the block and graft copolymers, which at least contain natural or synthetic rubber
as one component.
Keywords: Block copolymer, graft copolymer, SAXS, SANS. H. Hasegawa
Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
Powder Diffraction Studies of Phase Transitions in Manganese Perovskites
The results of recent structural studies of some Manganese perovskites are presented, in particular oxides in
the system Cal_xSrxMn03 and SrRllo.sMno.503' In the fIrst series we fIrstly show the power of synchrotron X-ray powder
diffraction to refme accurate and precise structures for oxides containing fIrst row transition metals and then show the
presence of a direct orthorhombic Pbnm to tetragonal 14/mcm transition associated with the tilting of the Mn06
octahedra. The inclusion of a heavier second row transition metal reduces the precision of the structure, however the
details of the tetmgonal to cubic phase transition in SrRllo.sMno.503 are still established.
Keywords: Perovskite, Phase Transition, Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction, Jahn- Teller Distortion. B. J. Kennedy
School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
Read more ....
the system Cal_xSrxMn03 and SrRllo.sMno.503' In the fIrst series we fIrstly show the power of synchrotron X-ray powder
diffraction to refme accurate and precise structures for oxides containing fIrst row transition metals and then show the
presence of a direct orthorhombic Pbnm to tetragonal 14/mcm transition associated with the tilting of the Mn06
octahedra. The inclusion of a heavier second row transition metal reduces the precision of the structure, however the
details of the tetmgonal to cubic phase transition in SrRllo.sMno.503 are still established.
Keywords: Perovskite, Phase Transition, Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction, Jahn- Teller Distortion. B. J. Kennedy
School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
Synthesis and X-ray Structural Study on the Complexes of Silver(I) Halide with Tricyclohexylephosphine,....
Diphenyl(
2,4,6- trimethoxy)phenylphosphine, Phenyl-2,4,6trimethoxyphenyl
phosphine, and Tris(2,4,6-
trim ethoxy)phenylphosphine. A diverse array of structures for the complexes of silver(I) halide with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) has been
studied. The complexes may be described as being of the type [AgX(PPh3)n] (X = Cl, Br or I). The value of n varies in
the range of 1-3. This also indicates that the stoichiometry of the complexes is in the range of 1-3. The complex with
stoichiometry 1:1 is a tetramer. There are two structural types of tetramer reported, termed cubane and step or chair. The
cubane structure has been reported for [AgX(pPh3)]4ex = Cl, Br or I), while the step structure has only been reported for
[AgI(PPh3)]4' The complex with stoichiometry 1:2 may be a monomer or a dimer. The monomer has a quasi trigonal
planar structural type and has only been reported for [AgBr(PPh3)2l The dimer has been reported for [(PPh3)2Ag(J.!X)
2Ag(PPh3)2](X = Cl or Br) with silver atom in the distorted tetrahedral environment. The complex with stoichiometry
1:3 has a distorted tetrahedral structural type and has been reported for [AgX(PPh3)3](X = Cl, Br or I). Changing PPh3
with more hindered ligand such as tricyclohexylephosphine (PCY3)or derivative of PPh3 such as diphenyl-2,4,6trimethoxy(
phenyl)phosphine (dpmp), phenyl-bis{2,4,6-trimethoxy(phenyl)} phosphine (pdmp), or tris{2,4,6trimethoxy(
phenyl)}phosphine (tmpp) may give complexes with various structural types but with lower range of
stoichiometry. Synthesis and X-ray structural study of these complexes has been done with the results summarized
below. Silver(I) halide and PCY3give complexes with stoichiometry 1:1 and 1:2. The complex with stoichiometry 1:1 is
a dimer or cubane. The dimer is observed for [(PcY3)Ag(J.!-X)2Ag(PCY3)] ex = Cl or Br). The unusual dimer is observed
for [(PcY3)Ag(J.!-IMJ.!-py)Ag(PCY3)] where the pyridine ligand is bonded to two silver atoms. The cubane is observed for
[AgI(PCY3)J4,The complex with stoichiometry 1:2 has a quasi trigonal planar structural type and has been observed for
[AgX(PCY3)2]ex = Cl, Br, I). Silver(I) halide and dpmp give complexes with stoichiometry 1:1 and 1:2. The complex
with stoichiometry 1:1 is a dimer and has been observed for [(dpmp)Ag(J.!-X)2Ag(dpmp)]ex = Cl, Br or I). The complex
with stoichiometry 1:2 has a quasi trigonal planar structural type and has been observed for [AgX(dpmp)2] (X = Cl, Br,
I). Silver(I) halide and pdmp also give complexes with stoichiometry 1:1 and 1:2. The complex with stoichiometry 1:1 is
a dimer and has been observed for [(pdmp)Ag(J.!-X)2Ag(pdmp)](X = CI, Br or I). The complex with stoichiometry 1:2
has a quasi trigonal planar structural type and has been observed for [AgX(pdmp)2] (X = CI, Br, I). Silver(I) halide and
tmmp only give complexes with stoichiometry I: I. This complex is a monomer and has been observed for [AgX(tmpp)]
(X = Cl or Br). In this complex the silver atom is in a quasi linear environment. Based on the bond lengths between
silver and phosphorous atoms in the complexes obtained, it can be concluded that bulky ligands tend to give complexes
with lower range of stoichiometry. In addition, the bulkier the ligand the longer the bond length between the silver and
phosphorous atoms. Effendy1 and A. H. White2
/ Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Surabaya 6Malang 65145, Indonesia
2 Chemistry, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western
Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
Read more ....
2,4,6- trimethoxy)phenylphosphine, Phenyl-2,4,6trimethoxyphenyl
phosphine, and Tris(2,4,6-
trim ethoxy)phenylphosphine. A diverse array of structures for the complexes of silver(I) halide with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) has been
studied. The complexes may be described as being of the type [AgX(PPh3)n] (X = Cl, Br or I). The value of n varies in
the range of 1-3. This also indicates that the stoichiometry of the complexes is in the range of 1-3. The complex with
stoichiometry 1:1 is a tetramer. There are two structural types of tetramer reported, termed cubane and step or chair. The
cubane structure has been reported for [AgX(pPh3)]4ex = Cl, Br or I), while the step structure has only been reported for
[AgI(PPh3)]4' The complex with stoichiometry 1:2 may be a monomer or a dimer. The monomer has a quasi trigonal
planar structural type and has only been reported for [AgBr(PPh3)2l The dimer has been reported for [(PPh3)2Ag(J.!X)
2Ag(PPh3)2](X = Cl or Br) with silver atom in the distorted tetrahedral environment. The complex with stoichiometry
1:3 has a distorted tetrahedral structural type and has been reported for [AgX(PPh3)3](X = Cl, Br or I). Changing PPh3
with more hindered ligand such as tricyclohexylephosphine (PCY3)or derivative of PPh3 such as diphenyl-2,4,6trimethoxy(
phenyl)phosphine (dpmp), phenyl-bis{2,4,6-trimethoxy(phenyl)} phosphine (pdmp), or tris{2,4,6trimethoxy(
phenyl)}phosphine (tmpp) may give complexes with various structural types but with lower range of
stoichiometry. Synthesis and X-ray structural study of these complexes has been done with the results summarized
below. Silver(I) halide and PCY3give complexes with stoichiometry 1:1 and 1:2. The complex with stoichiometry 1:1 is
a dimer or cubane. The dimer is observed for [(PcY3)Ag(J.!-X)2Ag(PCY3)] ex = Cl or Br). The unusual dimer is observed
for [(PcY3)Ag(J.!-IMJ.!-py)Ag(PCY3)] where the pyridine ligand is bonded to two silver atoms. The cubane is observed for
[AgI(PCY3)J4,The complex with stoichiometry 1:2 has a quasi trigonal planar structural type and has been observed for
[AgX(PCY3)2]ex = Cl, Br, I). Silver(I) halide and dpmp give complexes with stoichiometry 1:1 and 1:2. The complex
with stoichiometry 1:1 is a dimer and has been observed for [(dpmp)Ag(J.!-X)2Ag(dpmp)]ex = Cl, Br or I). The complex
with stoichiometry 1:2 has a quasi trigonal planar structural type and has been observed for [AgX(dpmp)2] (X = Cl, Br,
I). Silver(I) halide and pdmp also give complexes with stoichiometry 1:1 and 1:2. The complex with stoichiometry 1:1 is
a dimer and has been observed for [(pdmp)Ag(J.!-X)2Ag(pdmp)](X = CI, Br or I). The complex with stoichiometry 1:2
has a quasi trigonal planar structural type and has been observed for [AgX(pdmp)2] (X = CI, Br, I). Silver(I) halide and
tmmp only give complexes with stoichiometry I: I. This complex is a monomer and has been observed for [AgX(tmpp)]
(X = Cl or Br). In this complex the silver atom is in a quasi linear environment. Based on the bond lengths between
silver and phosphorous atoms in the complexes obtained, it can be concluded that bulky ligands tend to give complexes
with lower range of stoichiometry. In addition, the bulkier the ligand the longer the bond length between the silver and
phosphorous atoms. Effendy1 and A. H. White2
/ Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Surabaya 6Malang 65145, Indonesia
2 Chemistry, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western
Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
SANS and DLS Studies of Protein Unfolding in Presence of Urea and Surfactant
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) have been used to study
conformational changes in protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) during its unfolding in presence of protein denaturating
agents urea and surfactant. On addition of urea, the BSA protein unfolds for urea concentrations greater than 4 M and
acquires a random coil configuration with its radius of gyration increasing with urea concentration. The addition of
surfactant unfolds the protein by the formation of micelle-like aggregates of surfactants along the unfolded polypeptide
chains of the protein. The fractal dimension of such a protein-surfactant complex decreases and the overall size of the
complex increases on increasing the surfactant concentration. The conformation of the unfolded protein in the complex
has been determined directly using contrast variation SANS measurements by contrast matching the surfactant to the
medium. Results of DLS measurements are found to be in good agreement with those obtained using SANS.
Keywords: Protein unfolding, small-angle neutron scattering, dynamic light scattering. V. K. Aswal s. N. Chodankar J. Kohlbrecher2, R. Vavrin2 and A. G. Wagh1
1Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
2Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETH Zurich & Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Read more ....
conformational changes in protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) during its unfolding in presence of protein denaturating
agents urea and surfactant. On addition of urea, the BSA protein unfolds for urea concentrations greater than 4 M and
acquires a random coil configuration with its radius of gyration increasing with urea concentration. The addition of
surfactant unfolds the protein by the formation of micelle-like aggregates of surfactants along the unfolded polypeptide
chains of the protein. The fractal dimension of such a protein-surfactant complex decreases and the overall size of the
complex increases on increasing the surfactant concentration. The conformation of the unfolded protein in the complex
has been determined directly using contrast variation SANS measurements by contrast matching the surfactant to the
medium. Results of DLS measurements are found to be in good agreement with those obtained using SANS.
Keywords: Protein unfolding, small-angle neutron scattering, dynamic light scattering. V. K. Aswal s. N. Chodankar J. Kohlbrecher2, R. Vavrin2 and A. G. Wagh1
1Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
2Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETH Zurich & Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Neutron Protein Crystallography: Beyond the Folding Structure
Neutron diffraction provides an experimental method of directly locating hydrogen atoms in proteins, a
technique complementary to ultra-high-resolution X-ray diffraction. A neutron diffractometers for biological
macromolecules has been constructed in Japan, and it has been used to determine the crystal structures of proteins up to
resolution limits of 1.5-2.5 A. Results relating to hydrogen positions and hydration patterns in proteins have been
obtained from these studies. Examples include the geometrical details of hydrogen bonds, the role of hydrogen atoms in
enzymatic activity, CH3 configuration, HID exchange in proteins and oligonucleotides, and the dynamical behavior of
hydration structures, all of which have been extracted from these structural results and reviewed.
Keywords: Neutron, protein, crystallography, hydrogen, hydration, I-PARC, SNS. N. Niimura;Institute of Applied Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University,
4-12-1 Naka-Narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
Read more ....
technique complementary to ultra-high-resolution X-ray diffraction. A neutron diffractometers for biological
macromolecules has been constructed in Japan, and it has been used to determine the crystal structures of proteins up to
resolution limits of 1.5-2.5 A. Results relating to hydrogen positions and hydration patterns in proteins have been
obtained from these studies. Examples include the geometrical details of hydrogen bonds, the role of hydrogen atoms in
enzymatic activity, CH3 configuration, HID exchange in proteins and oligonucleotides, and the dynamical behavior of
hydration structures, all of which have been extracted from these structural results and reviewed.
Keywords: Neutron, protein, crystallography, hydrogen, hydration, I-PARC, SNS. N. Niimura;Institute of Applied Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University,
4-12-1 Naka-Narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
Structure and Function of Glucansucrases
Glucansucrases are relatively large (-160 kDa) extracellular enzymes produced by lactic acid bacteria. Using
sucrose as a substrate they synthesize high molecular mass glucose polymers, called a-glucans, which allow the bacteria
to adhere to surfaces and create a biofilm. The glucan polymers are of importance for the food and dairy industry as
thickening and jellying agents. An overview is given of the current insights into the structure and functioning of these
and related enzymes
Keywords: glucansucrase; amylosucrase; crystal structure; catalysis; catalytic mechanism. B. W. Dijkstra and A. VujiCi6-Zagar;Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University ofGroningen
Nijenborgh 4,9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
Read more ....
sucrose as a substrate they synthesize high molecular mass glucose polymers, called a-glucans, which allow the bacteria
to adhere to surfaces and create a biofilm. The glucan polymers are of importance for the food and dairy industry as
thickening and jellying agents. An overview is given of the current insights into the structure and functioning of these
and related enzymes
Keywords: glucansucrase; amylosucrase; crystal structure; catalysis; catalytic mechanism. B. W. Dijkstra and A. VujiCi6-Zagar;Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University ofGroningen
Nijenborgh 4,9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
Membrane Structure Studies by Means of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS)
The basic model for membrane structure - a lipid bilayer with imbedded proteins - was formulated 35 years
ago, however the detailed structure is still under active investigation using a variety of physical, chemical and
computational techniques. Every biologically active cell is encapsulated by a plasma membrane with most cells also
equipped with an extensive intracellular membrane system. The plasma membrane is an important boundary between the
cytoplasm of the cell and the external environment, and selectively isolates the cell from that environment. Passive
diffusion and/or active transport mechanisms are provided for water, ions, substrates etc. which are vital for cell
metabolism and viability. Membranes also facilitate excretion of substances either as useful cellular products or as waste.
Despite their complexity and diverse function, plasma membranes from quite different cells have surprisingly similar
compositions. A typical membrane structure consists of a phospholipid bilayer with a number of proteins scattered
throughout, along with carbohydrates (glycoproteins), glycolipids and sterols. The plasma membranes of most
eukaryotic cells contain approximately equal weights of lipid and protein, which corresponds to about 100 lipid
molecules per protein molecule. Clearly, lipids are a major constituent and the study of their structure and function in
isolation provides valuable insight into the more complex intact multicomponent membrane. The membrane bound
protein is the other major constituent and is a very active area of research for a number of reasons including the fact that
over 60% of modern drugs act on their receptor sites. The interaction between the protein and the supporting lipid
bilayer is clearly of major importance. Neutron scattering is a powerful technique for exploring the structure of
membranes, either as reconstituted membranes formed from well characterised lipids, or as intact membranes isolated
from selected biological systems. A brief summary of membrane structure will be followed by an outline of the neutron
scattering techniques used to understand membrane structure and dynamics. The emphasis will be on the small angle
neutron scattering technique since there is a very powerful instrument at Serpong, however brief mention of other
techniques will be included to demonstrate how a multidisciplinary approach is usually required
Keywords: neutron scattering, membrane structure, biology, SANS. R. B. Knottl,2;1Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Private Mail Bag, Menai NSW 2234, Australia
2CSIRO Minerals, Box 312, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
Read more ....
ago, however the detailed structure is still under active investigation using a variety of physical, chemical and
computational techniques. Every biologically active cell is encapsulated by a plasma membrane with most cells also
equipped with an extensive intracellular membrane system. The plasma membrane is an important boundary between the
cytoplasm of the cell and the external environment, and selectively isolates the cell from that environment. Passive
diffusion and/or active transport mechanisms are provided for water, ions, substrates etc. which are vital for cell
metabolism and viability. Membranes also facilitate excretion of substances either as useful cellular products or as waste.
Despite their complexity and diverse function, plasma membranes from quite different cells have surprisingly similar
compositions. A typical membrane structure consists of a phospholipid bilayer with a number of proteins scattered
throughout, along with carbohydrates (glycoproteins), glycolipids and sterols. The plasma membranes of most
eukaryotic cells contain approximately equal weights of lipid and protein, which corresponds to about 100 lipid
molecules per protein molecule. Clearly, lipids are a major constituent and the study of their structure and function in
isolation provides valuable insight into the more complex intact multicomponent membrane. The membrane bound
protein is the other major constituent and is a very active area of research for a number of reasons including the fact that
over 60% of modern drugs act on their receptor sites. The interaction between the protein and the supporting lipid
bilayer is clearly of major importance. Neutron scattering is a powerful technique for exploring the structure of
membranes, either as reconstituted membranes formed from well characterised lipids, or as intact membranes isolated
from selected biological systems. A brief summary of membrane structure will be followed by an outline of the neutron
scattering techniques used to understand membrane structure and dynamics. The emphasis will be on the small angle
neutron scattering technique since there is a very powerful instrument at Serpong, however brief mention of other
techniques will be included to demonstrate how a multidisciplinary approach is usually required
Keywords: neutron scattering, membrane structure, biology, SANS. R. B. Knottl,2;1Bragg Institute, ANSTO, Private Mail Bag, Menai NSW 2234, Australia
2CSIRO Minerals, Box 312, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
Deuterium Labeling and Neutron Scattering for Structural Biology
Neutron scattering applications in structural biology are strongly enhanced by deuterium labeling either of the
aqueous solvent or of the macromolecules themselves, or both. In protein crystallography deuteration of the solvent and
protein allows a clear visualization of hydrogen sites (deuterium atoms) as well as increasing signal/noise in the
diffraction data. This allows crystals as small as 0.lmm3 to be used. In small angle scattering and reflectometry
deuteration of the aqueous solvent allows one to exploit manipulate the contrast between different components
complexes such as proteins, nucleic acids or lipids. In the case of multi-protein complexes the in vivo deuteration of
individual protein sub-units allows an even more sophisticated contrast variation to be performed.
Keywords: Structural biology, neutron scattering, deuterium labeling, contrast variation. Peter Timmins; lnstitut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6 rue Jules Horowitz
38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
Read more ....
aqueous solvent or of the macromolecules themselves, or both. In protein crystallography deuteration of the solvent and
protein allows a clear visualization of hydrogen sites (deuterium atoms) as well as increasing signal/noise in the
diffraction data. This allows crystals as small as 0.lmm3 to be used. In small angle scattering and reflectometry
deuteration of the aqueous solvent allows one to exploit manipulate the contrast between different components
complexes such as proteins, nucleic acids or lipids. In the case of multi-protein complexes the in vivo deuteration of
individual protein sub-units allows an even more sophisticated contrast variation to be performed.
Keywords: Structural biology, neutron scattering, deuterium labeling, contrast variation. Peter Timmins; lnstitut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6 rue Jules Horowitz
38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
Dynamical Scaling, Fractal Morphology and Small-angle Scattering
When a system with continuous symmetry is quenched instantly to a broken symmetry state,new phases of
topological defects appear in an otherwise homogeneous medium of continuous symmetry. The phenomenon of new
phase formation is a representative example of first order transition. The phenomenon is of immense interest as an
example of a highly nonlinear process far from equilibrium. The second phase grows with time and in late stages all
domain sizes are much larger than all microscopic lengths. In the large time limit, the new phase forming systems
exhibit self-similar growth pattern with dilation symmetry, with time dependent scale, and scaling phenomenon.
Extensive investigations on dynamical scaling phenomenon have been carried out so far for Euclidean systems. The
question arises about the validity of the scaling laws for dynamical systems in non-Euclidean fractal geometry. Some of
the questions, arising purely because of the geometrical constraints in the physical systems and others on experimental
observations, are posed here.
Keywords: Dynamical scaling, fractals, small-angle scattering. S. Mazumder;Solid State Physics Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 4000 85, India
Read more ....
topological defects appear in an otherwise homogeneous medium of continuous symmetry. The phenomenon of new
phase formation is a representative example of first order transition. The phenomenon is of immense interest as an
example of a highly nonlinear process far from equilibrium. The second phase grows with time and in late stages all
domain sizes are much larger than all microscopic lengths. In the large time limit, the new phase forming systems
exhibit self-similar growth pattern with dilation symmetry, with time dependent scale, and scaling phenomenon.
Extensive investigations on dynamical scaling phenomenon have been carried out so far for Euclidean systems. The
question arises about the validity of the scaling laws for dynamical systems in non-Euclidean fractal geometry. Some of
the questions, arising purely because of the geometrical constraints in the physical systems and others on experimental
observations, are posed here.
Keywords: Dynamical scaling, fractals, small-angle scattering. S. Mazumder;Solid State Physics Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 4000 85, India
Neutron Reflectometry as a Surface Probe: A Personal Perspective
Development of neutron reflectometry has enabled neutron scattering laboratories worldwide to make
important contributions to the study of surfaces, interfaces and thin-films. As a result, neutron scattering has become an
invaluable research tool for the scientific disciplines that did not traditionally use neutrons for research as recently as 20
years ago. At Chalk River (Canada), one discipline with which we have formed a close affiliation is electrochemistry.
Our decision in the early 1990s to reach out to this potential user community was based on the fact that Canada has
many researchers active in corrosion science. The virtue of this affiliation is best demonstrated in our experiments
where reflectometry is performed simultaneously on the sample being investigated with electro-impedance spectroscopy,
a standard electrochemical technique. The two methods in combination have led to the results that would have otherwise
been missed or wrongly interpreted.
Keywords: Neutron reflectometry, electro-impedance spectroscopy, corrosion. Z. Tun;Canadian Neutron Beam Centre, National Research Council Canada, Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada KOJ JJO
Read more ....
important contributions to the study of surfaces, interfaces and thin-films. As a result, neutron scattering has become an
invaluable research tool for the scientific disciplines that did not traditionally use neutrons for research as recently as 20
years ago. At Chalk River (Canada), one discipline with which we have formed a close affiliation is electrochemistry.
Our decision in the early 1990s to reach out to this potential user community was based on the fact that Canada has
many researchers active in corrosion science. The virtue of this affiliation is best demonstrated in our experiments
where reflectometry is performed simultaneously on the sample being investigated with electro-impedance spectroscopy,
a standard electrochemical technique. The two methods in combination have led to the results that would have otherwise
been missed or wrongly interpreted.
Keywords: Neutron reflectometry, electro-impedance spectroscopy, corrosion. Z. Tun;Canadian Neutron Beam Centre, National Research Council Canada, Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada KOJ JJO
Thermal Stress Behavior of Micro- and Nano-Size Aluminum Films
In-situ observation of thermal stresses in thin films deposited on silicon substrate was made by X-ray and
synchrotron radiation. Specimensprepared in this experiment were micro- and nano-size thin aluminum films with and
without passivation film. The thickness of the film was 1 micrometer for micro-size films and 10, 20 and 50 nanometer
for nano-size films. The stress measurement in micro-size films was made by X-ray radiation whereas the measurement
of nano-size films was made by synchrotron radiation. Residual stress measurement revealed tensile stresses in all asdeposited
films. Thermal stresses were measured in a series of heating- and cooling-stage. Thermal stress behavior of
micro-size films revealed hysteresis loop during a heating and cooling process. The width of a hysteresis loop was larger
in passivated film that unpassivated film. No hysteresis loops were observed in nano-size films with Si02 passivation.
Strengthning mechanism in thin films was discussed on a passivation film and a film thickness.
Keywords: Thermal stress, in-situ observation, aluminum film. X-ray measurement, synchrotron radiation. T. Hanabusal, M. Nishida2, K. Kusaka3; IInstitute of Technology and Science, the University ofTokushima, Tokushima, Japan
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe City Collage of Technology, Kobe, Japan
3Institute ofTeclmology and Science, the University ofTokushima, Tokushima, Japan
Read more ....
synchrotron radiation. Specimensprepared in this experiment were micro- and nano-size thin aluminum films with and
without passivation film. The thickness of the film was 1 micrometer for micro-size films and 10, 20 and 50 nanometer
for nano-size films. The stress measurement in micro-size films was made by X-ray radiation whereas the measurement
of nano-size films was made by synchrotron radiation. Residual stress measurement revealed tensile stresses in all asdeposited
films. Thermal stresses were measured in a series of heating- and cooling-stage. Thermal stress behavior of
micro-size films revealed hysteresis loop during a heating and cooling process. The width of a hysteresis loop was larger
in passivated film that unpassivated film. No hysteresis loops were observed in nano-size films with Si02 passivation.
Strengthning mechanism in thin films was discussed on a passivation film and a film thickness.
Keywords: Thermal stress, in-situ observation, aluminum film. X-ray measurement, synchrotron radiation. T. Hanabusal, M. Nishida2, K. Kusaka3; IInstitute of Technology and Science, the University ofTokushima, Tokushima, Japan
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe City Collage of Technology, Kobe, Japan
3Institute ofTeclmology and Science, the University ofTokushima, Tokushima, Japan
Pulsed Neutron Powder Diffraction for Materials Science
The accelerator-based neutron diffraction began in the end of 60's at Tohoku University which was succeeded
by the four spallation neutron facilities with proton accelerators at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(Japan), Argonne National Laboratory and Los Alamos Laboratory (USA), and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK).
Since then, the next generation source has been pursued for 20 years, and IMW-class spallation neutron sources will be
appeared in about three years at the three parts of the world: Japan, UK and USA. The joint proton accelerator project (JPARC),
a collaborative project between KEK and JAEA, is one of them. The aim of the talk is to describe about JPARC
and the neutron diffractometers being installed at the materials and life science facility of J-PARC. The materials
and life science facility of J-PARC has 23 neutron beam ports and will start delivering the first neutron beam of 25 Hz
from 2008 May. Until now, more than 20 proposals have been reviewed by the review committee, and accepted proposal
groups have started to get fund. Those proposals include five poly crystalline diffractometers: a super high resolution
powder diffractometer (SHRPD), a 0.2 %-resolution powder diffractometer of Ibaraki prefecture (IPD), an engineering
diffractometers (Takumi), a high intensity S(Q) diffractometer (VSD), and a high-pressure dedicated diffractometer.
SHRPD, Takumi and IPD are being designed and constructed by the joint team of KEK, JAEA and Ibaraki University,
whose member are originally from the KEK powder group. These three instruments are expected to start in 2008. VSD
is a super high intensity diffractometer with the highest resolution of Mid = 0.3%. VSD can measure rapid timedependent
phenomena of crystalline materials as well as glass, liquid and amorphous materials. The pair distribution
function will be routinely obtained by the Fourier transiformation of S(Q) data. Q range of VSD will be as wide as
0.0IA-1 < mid =" 0.15" mid =" 0.03%" mid =" 0.03" mid =" 0.2%">
Read more ....
by the four spallation neutron facilities with proton accelerators at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
(Japan), Argonne National Laboratory and Los Alamos Laboratory (USA), and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK).
Since then, the next generation source has been pursued for 20 years, and IMW-class spallation neutron sources will be
appeared in about three years at the three parts of the world: Japan, UK and USA. The joint proton accelerator project (JPARC),
a collaborative project between KEK and JAEA, is one of them. The aim of the talk is to describe about JPARC
and the neutron diffractometers being installed at the materials and life science facility of J-PARC. The materials
and life science facility of J-PARC has 23 neutron beam ports and will start delivering the first neutron beam of 25 Hz
from 2008 May. Until now, more than 20 proposals have been reviewed by the review committee, and accepted proposal
groups have started to get fund. Those proposals include five poly crystalline diffractometers: a super high resolution
powder diffractometer (SHRPD), a 0.2 %-resolution powder diffractometer of Ibaraki prefecture (IPD), an engineering
diffractometers (Takumi), a high intensity S(Q) diffractometer (VSD), and a high-pressure dedicated diffractometer.
SHRPD, Takumi and IPD are being designed and constructed by the joint team of KEK, JAEA and Ibaraki University,
whose member are originally from the KEK powder group. These three instruments are expected to start in 2008. VSD
is a super high intensity diffractometer with the highest resolution of Mid = 0.3%. VSD can measure rapid timedependent
phenomena of crystalline materials as well as glass, liquid and amorphous materials. The pair distribution
function will be routinely obtained by the Fourier transiformation of S(Q) data. Q range of VSD will be as wide as
0.0IA-1 < mid =" 0.15" mid =" 0.03%" mid =" 0.03" mid =" 0.2%">
Magnetic Excitations in Transition-metal Oxides Studied by Inelastic Neutron Scattering
Inelastic neutron scattering using a triple axis spectrometer is a very efficient tool to analyze magnetic
excitations. We will discuss several recent experiments on transition-metal oxides where orbital degrees of fIeedom play
an important role. Different kinds of experimental techniques including longitudinal and spherical polarization analysis
were used in order to determine not only magnon frequencies but also polarization vectors. In layered ruthenates bands
of different orbital character contribute to the magnetic excitations which are of both, ferromagnetic and
antiferromagnetic, character. The orbital dependent magnetic excitations seem to play different roles in the
superconducting pairing as well as in the metamagnetism . In manganates the analysis of the magnon dispersion in the
charge and orbital ordered phase yields direct insight into the microscopic coupling of orbital and magnetic degrees of
freedom and helps understanding, how the switching between metallic and insulating phases in manganates may occur.
In multiferroic TbMn03 the combination of our polarized neutron scattering results with the infrared measurements
identifies a soft collective excitation of hybridized magnon-phonon character.
Keywords: Inelastic neutron scattering, magnetic excitations. M. Braden;Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Germany
Read more ....
excitations. We will discuss several recent experiments on transition-metal oxides where orbital degrees of fIeedom play
an important role. Different kinds of experimental techniques including longitudinal and spherical polarization analysis
were used in order to determine not only magnon frequencies but also polarization vectors. In layered ruthenates bands
of different orbital character contribute to the magnetic excitations which are of both, ferromagnetic and
antiferromagnetic, character. The orbital dependent magnetic excitations seem to play different roles in the
superconducting pairing as well as in the metamagnetism . In manganates the analysis of the magnon dispersion in the
charge and orbital ordered phase yields direct insight into the microscopic coupling of orbital and magnetic degrees of
freedom and helps understanding, how the switching between metallic and insulating phases in manganates may occur.
In multiferroic TbMn03 the combination of our polarized neutron scattering results with the infrared measurements
identifies a soft collective excitation of hybridized magnon-phonon character.
Keywords: Inelastic neutron scattering, magnetic excitations. M. Braden;Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Germany
J-PARC and Prospective Neutron Science
J-PARC is interdisciplinary facility with high power proton accelerator complex to be completed by 2008
after 7 years construction. Materials-Life Science Facility (MLF) will be very intensive pulsed neutron and muon
facility at IMW of the accelerated proton power. The neutron peak flux will be as high as several hundred times of
existing high flux reactors. It is highly expected that new science will be opened up by using MLF. In the presentation I
will explain the present status of J-PARC, strategy of user programme and prospective neutron science to be performed
with it.
Keywords: Proton accelerator, pulsed neutron, muon. M. Arai; J-PARC Centre, Japan Atomic Energy Agency,
Tokai, lbaraki 319-1195, Japan
Read more ....
after 7 years construction. Materials-Life Science Facility (MLF) will be very intensive pulsed neutron and muon
facility at IMW of the accelerated proton power. The neutron peak flux will be as high as several hundred times of
existing high flux reactors. It is highly expected that new science will be opened up by using MLF. In the presentation I
will explain the present status of J-PARC, strategy of user programme and prospective neutron science to be performed
with it.
Keywords: Proton accelerator, pulsed neutron, muon. M. Arai; J-PARC Centre, Japan Atomic Energy Agency,
Tokai, lbaraki 319-1195, Japan
Opportunities for Materials Science and Biological Research at the OPAL Research Reactor
Neutron scattering techniques have evolved over more than Yo century into a powerful set of tools for
detennination of atomic and molecular structures. Modem facilities offer the possibility to detennine complex structures
over length scales from -D.l nm to -500 nm. They can also provide infonnation on atomic and molecular dynamics, on
magnetic interactions and on the location and behaviour of hydrogen in a variety of materials. The OPAL Research
Reactor is a 20 megawatt pool type reactor using low enriched uranium fuel, and cooled by water. OPAL is a
multipurpose neutron factory with modem facilities for neutron beam research, radioisotope production and irradiation
services. The neutron beam facility has been designed to compete with the best beam facilities in the world. After six
years in construction, the reactor and neutron beam facilities are now being commissioned, and we will commence
scientific experiments later this year. The presentation will include an outline of the strengths of neutron scattering and a
description of the OPAL research reactor, with particular emphasis on it's scientific infrastructure. It will also provide an
overview of the opportunities for research in materials science and biology that will be possible at OPAL, and
mechanisms for accessing the facilities. The discussion will emphasize how researchers from around the world can
utilize these exciting new facilities.
Keywords: Neutron beam facilities, research reactor, atomic and molecular dynamics. S. 1. Kennedy; The Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation,
Menai NSW 2234, Australia
Read more ....
detennination of atomic and molecular structures. Modem facilities offer the possibility to detennine complex structures
over length scales from -D.l nm to -500 nm. They can also provide infonnation on atomic and molecular dynamics, on
magnetic interactions and on the location and behaviour of hydrogen in a variety of materials. The OPAL Research
Reactor is a 20 megawatt pool type reactor using low enriched uranium fuel, and cooled by water. OPAL is a
multipurpose neutron factory with modem facilities for neutron beam research, radioisotope production and irradiation
services. The neutron beam facility has been designed to compete with the best beam facilities in the world. After six
years in construction, the reactor and neutron beam facilities are now being commissioned, and we will commence
scientific experiments later this year. The presentation will include an outline of the strengths of neutron scattering and a
description of the OPAL research reactor, with particular emphasis on it's scientific infrastructure. It will also provide an
overview of the opportunities for research in materials science and biology that will be possible at OPAL, and
mechanisms for accessing the facilities. The discussion will emphasize how researchers from around the world can
utilize these exciting new facilities.
Keywords: Neutron beam facilities, research reactor, atomic and molecular dynamics. S. 1. Kennedy; The Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation,
Menai NSW 2234, Australia
Application of X-ray and Neutron Scattering Techniques inApplication of X-ray and Neutron Scattering Techniques in Materials Research:....
Lithium Batteri and ElectronicApplication of X-ray and Neutron Scattering Techniques in Ceramics. X-ray and neutron powder diffraction provide complementary informationon the structures of inorganic
complex oxides, primarily because of the different dependence of atomic scattering power, or scattering length, on
atomic number. Neutron diffraction is particularly useful for characterising novel lithium transition metal oxides which
have applications in prototype advanced lithium battery systems. Thus, it is possible to establish conduction pathways
for mobile Li+ ions and to distinguish between transition metal ions in ordered spinel structures such as Li2NiMn30s,
which has a charge-discharge potential of 4.7V. An additional feature of such materials is oxygen non-stoichiometry in
which their oxygen content depends on sample preparation conditions and temperature. This oxygen non-stoichiometry
may be analysed by thermogravimetry and the transition metal oxidation states determined, in the solid state, by the Xray
absorption technique, XANES. Structural changes as a function of temperature may be followed by high temperature
diffraction methods and as a function of lithium content during charging/discharging of lithium batteries by in situ
synchrotron XRD. A range of examples of the applications of these techniques will be presented.
References
1. Inorganic functional materials: Optimization of properties by structural and compositional control, A R West, The
Chemical Record, 6, 206-216 (2006)
2. Crystallography of Ni-doped Zn7Sb2012 and phase equilibria in the system ZnO-Sb20s-NiO, R Harrington, G C
Miles and A R West, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26,2307-2311 (2006)
3. Structural characterisation of REBaCoP6-<1>
Read more ....
complex oxides, primarily because of the different dependence of atomic scattering power, or scattering length, on
atomic number. Neutron diffraction is particularly useful for characterising novel lithium transition metal oxides which
have applications in prototype advanced lithium battery systems. Thus, it is possible to establish conduction pathways
for mobile Li+ ions and to distinguish between transition metal ions in ordered spinel structures such as Li2NiMn30s,
which has a charge-discharge potential of 4.7V. An additional feature of such materials is oxygen non-stoichiometry in
which their oxygen content depends on sample preparation conditions and temperature. This oxygen non-stoichiometry
may be analysed by thermogravimetry and the transition metal oxidation states determined, in the solid state, by the Xray
absorption technique, XANES. Structural changes as a function of temperature may be followed by high temperature
diffraction methods and as a function of lithium content during charging/discharging of lithium batteries by in situ
synchrotron XRD. A range of examples of the applications of these techniques will be presented.
References
1. Inorganic functional materials: Optimization of properties by structural and compositional control, A R West, The
Chemical Record, 6, 206-216 (2006)
2. Crystallography of Ni-doped Zn7Sb2012 and phase equilibria in the system ZnO-Sb20s-NiO, R Harrington, G C
Miles and A R West, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26,2307-2311 (2006)
3. Structural characterisation of REBaCoP6-<1>
MEMILIH WAKTU PEMBERIAN 32p PADA TANAMAN PAD!. UNTUK PENANDAAN SERANGGA GANJUR .On...6e.oti.a. OIt.lJza.e.. (WOOD- MASON)
SELECTION OF THE 32p APPLICATION TIME TO RICE PLANT FOR LABELLING THE GALL MIDGE Orseolia Oryzae
(WOOD-MASON). The aim of this investigation is to get labelled insects coith low but cormtable its
radiaactivities. Results of th~~ investigation may support the control techniques of this insects in the
field. The dose of 140 uCi of P in KH20P4 salution was applied int~2/400 grams of soil planted with 20 gall midge infested rice plants it was found that application of P at 12, 13, and 14 days after
investation, yielded sufficient labelling for gall midge. Sakri Ischak Sastradlhardja*, dan Nani Kartini Hamid** Pusat Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi, BATAN
Read more ....
(WOOD-MASON). The aim of this investigation is to get labelled insects coith low but cormtable its
radiaactivities. Results of th~~ investigation may support the control techniques of this insects in the
field. The dose of 140 uCi of P in KH20P4 salution was applied int~2/400 grams of soil planted with 20 gall midge infested rice plants it was found that application of P at 12, 13, and 14 days after
investation, yielded sufficient labelling for gall midge. Sakri Ischak Sastradlhardja*, dan Nani Kartini Hamid** Pusat Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi, BATAN
